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[ I N T E R V I E W utilise broker preferencing logic, you have the chance to match that client-to-client natural liquidity. And when we look at the perfor- mance, the periodic auctions are providing a useful platform to do that business.  Have there been any other drivers impacting on EMEA market struc- tures since the introduction of MiFID II? JB: Whether we like it or not, a lot of the changes around us in respect to market structure and innovation have really been driven by regula- tion. What is quite useful for us is that our end clients are certainly much more focused on broker performance and best execution, in part because the landscape has become even more fragmented and complex. On top of that, when you consider the obligations that are now be- stowed upon the buy-side, it really does mean that the sell-side have to sharpen their focus to make sure they are providing that level of ser- vice, that degree of transparency to enable the buy-side themselves to provide the end investor with the best service they can. Looking ahead Brexit remains the great unknown but depending on the direction of travel there will clearly be impacts on market structure beyond MiFID II. Al- ready we have to consider impacts of the Share Trading Obligation on liquidity dynamics in a post Brexit scenario. How is Citi addressing changing buy-side requirements as market structure complexity increases? JB: We are making strategic in- vestments and building resources to help our clients navigate the market complexity, particularly in respect to our Execution Advisory Service, where we have a dedicated | J A M E S B A U G H ] team focused on optimising trading performance. This is a crucial area to help our clients optimise the performance and outcomes based on the bench- marks that clients are looking to achieve. The other area of focus is around rebuilding and recalibrating our algo offering to take advantage of those new liquidity opportunities, whether it is adding new condi- tional venues to get more electron- ic block business done or whether it is ways in which we measure and review the available LP liquidity for some of the more aggressive, cross-spread type liquidity where investors are happy to interact with that type of flow.  How do you see the relationship between the buy- and sell-side evolving from its current state? JB: The buy-side and sell-side are getting closer, particularly as our clients look for more innovation around liquidity access. When you think about the pace of this change, I would look back to MiFID I with the fragmentation of liquidity and the proliferation of BCNs. That didn't really happen in the first year; it took a good period of time to develop and I think that's proba- bly what we are seeing here.  At Citi we are taking a number of steps to adapt our platform and offering as the market struc- ture evolves. One area of focus is on how we provide access to our house inventory to meet client li- quidity needs. But more so, how do we do that in an efficient way through the electronic channel in addition to the more tradition- al high-touch DCA block or IOI routes.  The evolution here is more about understanding the needs of the client. When you think about the diverse nature of the flow that we Issue 60 // TheTradeNews.com // 59