J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ. 22, 22( 2026) 217
Figure 5. A co-creative dance interaction system that integrates AI technology with the Pepper’ s ghost illusion [ 36 ].
the audience perceives these images as vertically oriented within the actual stage space [ 35 ].
In 2023, Milka Trajkova et al. introduced LuminAI, a co-creative dance interaction system that integrates artificial intelligence( AI) technology with the Pepper’ s ghost illusion, as shown in Figure 5 [ 36 ]. The core innovation of this system lies in the combination of classical visual illusion technology and a modern modular AI agent, constructing a five-module processing pipeline that includes perception, action segmentation, learning, transformation, and selection / generation. The system captures the dancer’ s movements in real time through motion sensing technology and encodes the actions based on Laban Movement Analysis( LMA) theory, thereby achieving intelligent generation of dance responses. The system uses a lightweight Hologauze projection screen to display floating stereoscopic images, achieving an immersive dance interaction experience at a low cost. This work establishes a novel technical framework for human-AI collaborative improvisation, which is suitable for artistic performance, public exhibitions, dance education, and rehabilitation training. Thus, this demonstrates the broad potential of AI in enhancing human creativity and physical expressiveness.
Another typical example is a stereoscopic advertising display cabinet designed based on the Pepper’ s ghost optical principle. It projects floating stereoscopic images inside the cabinet by integrating stereoscopic modeling with real scenes. Following the stereoscopic display principle, the process begins with capturing product images and constructing a stereoscopic model, followed by integrating these elements into the scene to build a display system capable of presenting both static and dynamic visual effects of products. Unlike conventional stereoscopic displays, this technology enables multi-angle naked-eye viewing within a conical viewing zone – covering 180 °, 270 °, or even 360 ° – without requiring viewers to wear glasses [ 37 ]. With high fidelity and depth, it creates an immersive experience while offering outstanding product visibility and interactivity. Distinct from the mechanism used in a stereoscopic fan display cabinet, the Pepper’ s ghost stereoscopic display cabinet employs a unique structural design, commonly configured in either upright or inverted pyramid orientations.
3.2.4 Binocular parallax glasses-free stereoscopic display technology
Binocular parallax-based stereoscopic display technology encodes and reconstructs the optical information of objects via“ digital” or“ physical” means to simulate human eye stereoscopic vision [ 38 ]. The principle stems from the human binocular parallax perception mechanism: due to the differences in viewing angles, the images captured by both eyes are slightly different. The brain processes these images and converts them into depth information, thereby achieving the distinction between the foreground and background distances as well as stereoscopic perception [ 38, 39 ]. However, although existing stereoscopic display technologies partially simulate this physiological mechanism, they are essentially different from the true 3D light field reproduction technology based on wavefront reconstruction [ 40 ]. Specifically, binocular parallax stereoscopic display still relies on imaging media, limited by auxiliary viewing devices, restricted viewing angles, and difficulty in presenting complex scenes in real-time [ 39 ].
Based on the spectroscopic methods, binocular parallax glasses-free stereoscopic technologies can be further classified into three categories: grating-based( light barrier technology), cylindrical lens-based, and directional backlight-based. A glasses-free stereoscopic display that utilizes grating technology has been developed by Ningbo Vision Display Technology Co., Ltd.. Compared to the other two approaches, the advantages of cylindrical lens-based stereoscopic imaging technology include no loss of brightness, compatibility with various lens types( e. g., cylindrical, trapezoidal, and triangular lenses), the ability to eliminate Moiré patterns, suitability for display screens of any size, and the capability to achieve multi-screen integrated configurations [ 41 ].
3.3
Projection stereoscopic display technology
In the field of cultural heritage tourism, projection stereoscopic display technology has emerged as a vital medium for reconstructing historical narratives and interpreting cultural memory. By means of spatialized visual representation and multi-sensory design, this technology enables the