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3. Rotating fan and its visual display effects, Xiamen, China, January 2026( source: authors).
Figure 4. The principle of Pepper’ s ghost display technology.
sides and the rear. The advent of this technology overcomes the limitations and monotony of traditional flat displays by enabling real-time synchronization and immersive experience, positioning it as a new trend in the commercial stereoscopic display industry [ 33 ].
A simple image within a confined area can be generated by a single fan screen, while a larger, more expansive image can be created by seamlessly“ splicing” multiple fans together. Depending on the installation method, these screens can be classified into landing-joint screens, liftingjoint screens, and curtain wall-joint screens. Various stereoscopic rotating fan technologies, including“ splicing” and“ connecting” screens, have been extensively applied across multiple sectors such as exhibitions, advertising media, retail environments, cultural tourism, and stage performances [ 34 ]. The rotating fan display technology generates visual effects through the rotation of blades, resulting in relatively simple technical requirements. To ensure viewers’ safety, the rotating fan blades must be enclosed within a transparent glass or acrylic casing, preventing accidental contact with the high-speed moving components.
Additionally, the mechanical movement inherent to this technology may produce noise, which requires special attention in noise-sensitive environments, such as libraries and offices. Moreover, when capturing such displays with a smartphone camera, the frame rate and rolling shutter effect may interfere with the perception of the stereoscopic image, resulting in flickering or distortion. This is primarily caused by the discrepancy between the camera’ s capture speed and the rotational speed of the fan blades.
3.2.3 Pepper’ s ghost display technology
Pepper’ s ghost technology with its long history and advanced technical development, is now widely used in various settings such as theme parks, haunted houses, stage dramas and other scenarios. A“ semi-transparent and semi-reflective” film is positioned at a 45 ° angle to the stage floor, as shown in Figure 4. Images with predominantly black backgrounds, such as an actor’ s performance or special visual effects, are projected parallel from above to the ground. Through this semi-transparent, semi-reflective film,