JEOS RP ISSN03 | Página 222

J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ. 22, 22( 2026) 215

Table 4. The features of specular optical illusion display, rotating fan display, Pepper’ s ghost display, and binocular parallax stereoscopic display [ 30 – 40 ].

Feature

Specular optical illusion

High( depends on optical system) Good( reflective surface limitations)

Limited( mirror angles)

Potential Improvements

Dynamic adaptive optics adjustments

LED density enhancement; Mini / Micro-LED adoption; Advanced contrast filtering

Holographic waveguide integration

Light-field displays; AI-driven depth synthesis

Pepper’ s ghost display, and binocular parallax stereoscopic display. These specific features are listed in Table 4.

3.2.1 Specular optical illusion display technology

Specular reflection can create a stereoscopic effect through visual illusion, a phenomenon commonly observed in daily life. When light shines on the surface of an object, it reflects at a specific angle to form a mirror image. This reflection enables the perception of the object’ s images. Under certain compositions and viewing angles, specular reflection generates an illusion of depth, leading to the interpretation of the image as genuine three-dimensional spaces. Such optical illusions significantly influence human perception and conceptual understanding of the world, causing deviations in observations and cognitive interpretations by“ misleading” and“ deceiving” the senses. Facade design can tactfully employ the principles of optical illusions to create remarkable visual and spatial experiences. As an artistic expression, optical illusion not only enhances our understanding of visual experiences, but also utilizes the elements of linear perspective, visual gradient, and shadows to construct stereoscopic spatial illusions on 2D surfaces [ 30 ]. For example, the“ Cloud Gate” in Millennium Park Foundation, USA, demonstrates intensified luminance and visual vitality during the nighttime activation. The sculpture’ s seamless curved surface optically converges ambient plaza lighting. This specular reflectivity magnifies the perceived brilliance and spatial vibrancy of the luminous surroundings [ 31 ].

Specular optical illusion display technology shows several limitations in constructing stereoscopic effects of objects. First, the effectiveness of stereoscopic reflective images is viewing-angle dependent, as the image may be invisible or distorted at a specific angle. Second, precise mirror alignment and detailed calculation of light reflection paths may increase both the cost and design complexity of the optical systems. Third, stray light and multiple reflections in the environment can reduce the clarity and stability of stereoscopic images. Fourth, the physical properties of reflected light impose constraints on the depth and width of stereoscopic images, especially limiting the representation of complex structures. Lastly, surface quality defects directly reduce the quality of stereoscopic image effects [ 30 ].

3.2.2 Rotating fan display technology

The stereoscopic fan screen achieves a dynamic visual effect by equipping its blades with multiple sets of LED arrays on its blades. As the LEDs rotate with the blades at a specific speed, the human eye perceives continuous images formed by these LED arrays, as shown in Figure 3. Enhanced with stereoscopic vision technology, the system further generates an air suspension effect and displays three-dimensional images. Under low-light conditions, the high-speed rotation of the fan blades becomes invisible to viewers. This makes the blade surfaces, which originally serve as display media, perceptually“ disappear”, leaving only the foreground LED images to be seen. Therefore, the illusion of stereoscopic imagery is created and suspended in real space [ 32 ]. Notably, rotating fan images are invisible from both the