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Figure 6. Mountain projection with images, Wuyishan, China, July 2025( source: authors).
transformation of audiences from“ observers” into“ participants,” allowing them to transcend time and space in historical contexts. Specifically, in settings such as ancient city ruins, stereoscopic projections can accurately recreate historical street layouts, scenes of daily life, and key historical events. Accompanied by soundscapes, lighting, shadows, and interactive elements, an immersive cultural experience space is constructed, promoting the revitalization, transmission, and continuous reinterpretation of cultural heritage. On one hand, this technology endows static heritage assets with dynamic vitality, substantially enhancing the appeal of cultural tourism and having a guiding effect on younger cohorts. On the other hand, it also promotes the revitalization of cultural heritage and the reproduction of historical meanings [ 42 ]. Nevertheless, its widespread implementation encounters dual constraints stemming from technical barriers and ethical considerations regarding content creation. The inherent system complexity and prohibitive capital investment rely on professional design, construction and maintenance teams. Concurrently, content creators must maintain a delicate equilibrium between historical authenticity and performance engagement [ 43 ].
From the perspective of technical principles, projection stereoscopic display technology adopts advanced technologies such as stereoscopic projection and point cloud scanning to project images or videos onto the targeted surface, generating a realistic 3D effect. This technology precisely regulates the refraction and reflection of light, enabling audiences to view 3D images from various angles. It is particularly ideal for outdoor scenes such as buildings, plazas, squares and parks, enriching urban landscapes with unique artistic expression and visual appeal. When performing outdoor operations, specialized equipment is required, including a laser projector, a projection lens and a screen. Laser projectors must exhibit high brightness and contrast to enhance the realism of projected images. The selection and configuration of projection lenses require precise
adjustment according to the projection area and distance to ensure clarity and color fidelity. Screen selection must account for external factors such as ambient light and wind force to ensure the stability and visibility of the image [ 43 ]. Based on the multiplexing techniques employed, projection stereoscopic display technology can be classified into two categories: multi-projection systems and high-speed projection systems [ 43, 44 ].
3.3.1 Projection of buildings, mountains and other walls
In the field of architectural projection, projection stereoscopic display technology utilizes projection techniques to cast light onto a building’ s surface, achieving a spatiotemporal transformation from static structures to vibrant visual interfaces and creating stunning, immersive spectacles. Through the redesign of lighting settings, this technology significantly enhances the visual appeal of landmark buildings, artistic districts, and tourist attractions for the nighttime economy [ 45 ]. Similarly, mountain projection utilizes natural terrain as a medium, integrating light-shadow narratives with environmental aesthetics, to inspire the audience’ s awe toward nature and a sense of immersion in the landscape, as illustrated in Figures 6 and 7. Furthermore, thistechnologydemonstratesawiderangeofmedia adaptability, extending its application to various carriers such as ships, vehicles, sculptures, and irregular-shaped objects, thereby providing innovative spatial media for commercial exhibitions and product launches.
3.3.2 Projection of water curtain and fog curtain
The“ curtain” of water curtain projection is composed of a high-pressure pump and a specialized water curtain generator. The water flows at high speed, forming a fan-shaped projection“ screen”. A dedicated projector projects customized images onto it. Typically, the height of the water