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were taken for the benefit and visibility
of the Afro-Peruvian population. There
are not enough sources that document
its presence, contributions, and the
magnitude of their problems and needs.
Moreover, the public policies are proposed neither from a multiculturalism
approach nor from a gender and ethnic
perspective.
Notes:
1- Buthurburu Del Busto, José Antonio,
A Brief History of Black Peru. Lima:
Fondo Editorial del Congreso, 2001, 24.
2- Hünefeldt, Christine, Women: Slavery, Emotions and Freedom. 18001854, Lima: IEP, 1988. Working Paper
No. 4
3- Bowser, Frederick, African Slaves in
Colonial Peru. Mexico: XXI Century
1997.

4-Velasquez, Marcel: "Women are less
black: The case of female slaves in the
nineteenth century Lima", in The Spell
of Images. Social Status, Gender and
Ethnicity in Peruvian History, Lima:
Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Peru, 2000.
5-https:
//reportperu.wordpress.com/2011/11/17/
heroina-de-ebano-de-la-guerra-conchile-1879-1883/
6-Elvia Castillo Duque, Contributions
of the African Descendants. The Hidden
History of Latin America, iUniversity,
2013.

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