Burdge/Overby, Chemistry: Atoms First, 2e FM | Page 31

CONTENTS xxxi

14

Entropy and Free Energy? 570

14.1 Spontaneous Processes? 571
14.2 Entropy?572
• A Qualitative Description of Entropy? 572 • A Quantitative Definition
of Entropy? 572
14.3 Entropy Changes in a System? 574
• Calculating DSsys? 574 • Standard Entropy, S°? 575 • Qualitatively Predicting
the Sign of DS° ?578
sys
14.4 Entropy Changes in the Universe? 582
• Calculating DSsurr? 583 • The Second Law of Thermodynamics? 583 • Thinking
Outside the Box: Thermodynamics and Living Systems? 586 • The Third Law of
Thermodynamics?586
14.5 Predicting Spontaneity? 588
• Gibbs Free-Energy Change, DG? 588 • Standard Free-Energy Changes,
DG°? 590 • Using DG and DG° to Solve Problems? 591
14.6 Thermodynamics in Living Systems? 594

15

Chemical Equilibrium? 604

15.1 The Concept of Equilibrium? 605
15.2 The Equilibrium Constant? 607
• Calculating Equilibrium Constants? 608 • Magnitude of the Equilibrium
Constant?610
15.3 Equilibrium Expressions? 611
• Heterogeneous Equilibria ? 611 • Manipulating Equilibrium Expressions? 613
• Gaseous Equilibria? 616
15.4 Chemical Equilibrium and Free Energy? 619
• Using Q and K to Predict the Direction of Reaction? 619 • Relationship
Between DG and DG°? 620 • Relationship Between DG° and K? 622
15.5 Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations? 626
15.6 Le Châtelier’s Principle: Factors That Affect Equilibrium? 635
• Addition or Removal of a Substance ? 635 • Changes in Volume and
Pressure ? 638 • Changes in Temperature ? 640 • Thinking Outside the Box:
Biological Equilibria? 646

16

Acids, Bases, and Salts? 664

16.1 Brønsted Acids and Bases? 665
16.2 Molecular Structure and Acid Strength? 667
• Hydrohalic Acids? 667 • Oxoacids? 668 • Carboxylic Acids? 669
16.3 The Acid-Base Properties of Water? 670
16.4 The pH and pOH Scales? 672
16.5 Strong Acids and Bases? 674
• Strong Acids? 674 • Strong Bases? 676

bur11184_FM_i-001.indd 31

9/10/13 12:29 PM