Burdge/Overby, Chemistry: Atoms First, 2e FM | Page 29

CONTENTS xxix

9.5

9.6

10

Concentration of Solutions? 344
• Molarity? 344 • Dilution? 348 • Serial Dilution? 349 • Thinking Outside
the Box: Visible Spectrophotometry? 351 • The pH Scale? 353 • Solution
Stoichiometry?355
Aqueous Reactions and Chemical Analysis? 357
• Gravimetric Analysis? 357 • Acid-Base Titrations? 358

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions? 378

10.1 Energy and Energy Changes? 379
10.2 Introduction to Thermodynamics? 381
• States and State Functions? 381 • The First Law of Thermodynamics? 382
• Work and Heat? 383
10.3 Enthalpy?384
• Reactions Carried Out at Constant Volume or at Constant Pressure? 385
• Enthalpy and Enthalpy Changes? 387 • Thermochemical Equations? 388
10.4 Calorimetry?390
• Specific Heat and Heat Capacity? 390 • Constant-Pressure Calorimetry? 392
• Constant-Volume Calorimetry? 393 • Thinking Outside the Box: Heat Capacity
of Calorimeters? 398
10.5 Hess’s Law? 400
10.6 Standard Enthalpies of Formation? 402
10.7 Bond Enthalpy and the Stability of Covalent Molecules? 405
10.8 Lattice Energy and the Stability of Ionic Solids? 409
• The Born-Haber Cycle? 409 • Comparison of Ionic and Covalent
Compounds?411

11

Gases?430

11.1 Properties of Gases? 431
11.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases? 432
• Molecular Speed? 433 • Diffusion and Effusion? 435
11.3 Gas Pressure? 436
• Definition and Units of Pressure? 437 • Calculation of Pressure? 437
• Measurement of Pressure? 438
11.4 The Gas Laws? 440
• Boyle’s Law: The Pressure-Volume Relationship? 440 • Charles’s and
Gay-Lussac’s Law: The Temp erature-Volume Relationship? 442 • Avogadro’s
Law: The Amount-Volume Relationship? 445 • The Gas Laws and Kinetic
Molecular Theory? 446 • The Combined Gas Law: The Pressure-TemperatureAmount-Volume Relationship? 447
11.5 The Ideal Gas Equation? 449
• Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation? 451
11.6 Real Gases? 453
• Factors That Cause Deviation from Ideal Behavior? 454 • The van der Waals
Equation? 454 • van der Waals Constants? 456

bur11184_FM_i-001.indd 29

9/10/13 12:29 PM