Bitter Pills:Medicines & The Third World Poor | Page 217

Chapter 3
17

UNCTC, 1979, op.cit., Table 14, pp.125-6.
Concentration on overall sales is low in the drug industry compared to other high-technology
manufacturing industries, eg. car production, in which the largest company had about 25%
of the market in 1977. (UNIDO, 1980, op.cit. pp.55-6.)

18

UNCTC, 1979, op.cit., p.3.

19

Ibid.

20

For 18 Western industrialized contries this positive trade balance was $2,445.1 million and
for just two Eastern European countries $170.2 million in 1977. (Unpublished data from
UNCTAD.)

21

David Taylor, Office of Health Economics, Medicines, Health and the Poor World, OHE,
London, 1982, p.30 (includes Western and Eastern bloc countries).

22

David Piachaud, London School of Economic, "Medicines and the Third World", 1979.
(mimeo)

23

-

24

Dr. Oliver Munyaradzi, Minister of Health, text of speech delivered at the meeting of Chief
Pharmacist s of the Africa Region in Harare, 26 April 1982, Department of Information, Press
statement 358/82/DC.

25

WHO, May 1980, op. cit.

26

Prof. G. Peters, Rapport Mission au Mozambique du 8 au 19 octobre 1980, Universite de
Lausanne, 26 March 1981.

27

WHO, The Selection of Essential Drugs, Second report of the WHO Expert Committee,
Technical Report Series 641, Geneva, 1979.

28

See for example: Sidney Wolfe, Christopher Coley and, the Health Research Group founded
by Ralph Nader, Pills That Don't Work - Prescription Drugs That Lack Evidence of
Effectiveness, Farrar Stras Giroux New York, 1981.

29

Prof. Wilfred Lionel and Dr. Andrew Herxheimer, "Coherent Policies on Drugs: Formulation
and Implementation", in Blum, Herxheimer, Stenzl and Woodcock (ed), Pharmaceuticals
and Health Policy, 1981, Croom Helm, London, 1981, p.240.

30

WHO Background Document on National Policies and Practices in regard to medicinal products
and related international problems, (A/31/Technical Discussions/1) March 1978, para.4.3.

31

-

WHO, Background paper for the 33rd World Health Assembly, N1EO and Health, Annex
3 "Drug Policies and Essential Drugs: a casestudy", WHO, Geneva, May 1981.
Piachaud 1979, op.cit.

Dr. Mohammed Jafer Saeed, "The Other Face of Drug Companies" (translated from
Arabic), p.5. (mimeo)
Dr. Ann Hoskins, British Organisation for Community Development,'' Discussion Paper
from the Basic Health Services Drug Committee on the problems of drugs in Yemen",
1981, p.3.

32

Ibid.

33

UNCTAD, Technology policies in the pharmaceutical sector in the Philippines, study prepared
by Mr Esteban Bautista and Mr Wilfredo Clemente in co-operation with the UNCTAD
Secretariat, (UNCTAD/TT/36), United Nations, 1980, p.25.

34

UNCTAD, Case studies in the transfer of technology: Pharmaceutical Policies in Sri Lanka,
study prepared by Dr Senaka Bibile in co- operation with UNCTAD Secretariat, (TD/B.C.6/21),
United Nations, 27 June 1977, pp.30 and 3.

35

UNCTAD, Technology policies in the pharmaceutical sector in Nepal, study prepared by the
UNCTAD Secretariat in co-operation with Dr. P. N. Suwal, (UNCTAD/TT/34), United
Nations, 1980, pp.15-16.

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