Bitter Pills:Medicines & The Third World Poor | Page 216

CHAPTER 3
1

Dr. A. R. Phadke, "The Drug Industry - an analysis", In Search of Diagnosis, Ashvin J. Patel
(ed), Medico Friend Circle, Vadodara, 1977. p.81.

2

IFPMA Code of Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices, March 1981 (draft) "Obligations of
the Industry", pp.1-2.

3

George Teeling-Smith, Director, Office of Health Economics, quoted in New Internationalist,
No. 50, April 1977, p.13.

4

-

5

Ibid. Exports from Eastern European and other centrally-planned economies: 9.8% of world
total (1977) and exports from all developing countries: 3.8% of total. Table 29)

6

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Technology policies and
planning for the pharmaceutical sector in the developing countries, study prepared by the
UNCTAD secretariat in cooperation
with Dr Nitya Anand. United Nations, 1980,
(TD/B/C.6/56) p.20.

7

Ibid., pp.20-24. Besides production of synthetic drugs, biologicals such as insulin can be
produced from slaughter-house wastes and others from plant extracts without very advanced
technology.

United Nations Commission on Transnational Corporations (UNCTC), "Studies on the
Effects of the Operations and Practices of Transnational Corporations", Transnational
corporations in the pharmaceutical industry of developing countries, Report of the
Secretariat, 15 July 1981, United Nations Economic and Social Council (E/C. 10/85).
United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNI DO), Global Study of the
Pharmaceutical Industry, for First Consultation Meeting on the Pharmaceutical Industry
Lisbon, Portugal, 1-5 December 1980, (ID/WG.331/6).

8

Ibid.

9

UNIDO, 1980, op.cit., p.35.

10

-

11

UNCTC, 1979, op.cit.

12

Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) and Indian Council of Medical Research
(ICMR), Health for all, an alternative strategy, 1981.

13

-

14

Ibid.

UNCTC, Transnational Corporations and the Pharmaceutical Industry, United Nations,
New York, 1979, (ST/CTC/9) (Table 25)
UNCTC 1981, op.cit.
WHO Country Information Paper for Inter-Country Consultative Meeting on Drug
Policies and Management, New Delhi, 13-16October 1980 (ICP DPM 001) Drug Policy
and Management in Bangladesh (SEA/DPM/Conslt. Meet. 1/7)

UNCTC, 15 July 1981, op.cit.
UNCTC summary draft report of 9 February 1981 with case studies on Argentina, Brazil,
Colombia, Costa Rica, Egypt, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Sierra Leone, Thailand.

15

UNCTC, 1979, op.cit., p.22.

16

OECD, An Industry like no Other - The Pharmaceutical Industry as seen by the OECD,
(Summary of the report entitled "Multinational Enterprises, Governments and Technology;
the Pharmaceutical Industry" byM. L. Burstall, J. H. Dunning and A. Lake, OECD, Paris
1981), Pharma Information Ciba-Geigy, Roche, Sandoz, Basle, February 1982, Table 11.
There are only 3 British manufacturers in the top 25: Glaxo, Beecham and ICI. A league table
(at 31 December 1980) on just prescription drugs includes Wellcome ranked No.21 (with ICI
and Beecham at 22 and 23) and Fisons at 57. (SCRIP No. 653 & 654, 21 & 24 December 1981,
P-19.)

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