Bitter Pills:Medicines & The Third World Poor | Page 218

36

-

37

-

Dr G. J. Ebrahim, "The Problems of Undernutrition" in R. J. Jarrett (ed.) Nutrition
and Disease, Croom Helm London, 1979.
British National Formulary 1981, op. cit., p.225.
Dr. Mario Victor de Assis Pacheco, A Mafia dos Remedios, Brazil, 1978, pp.98-103.
British National Formulary 1981, op. cit., pp.226 and 238-9.

38

Ibid., p.225.

39

Ibid., p.238.

40

-

41

Assis Pacheco, op. cit., pp.98-103.
ABPI Data Sheet Compendium 1979-80, ABPI 1979, p.369.
BNF 1981, op. cit., p.226.

42

Dr. Carol Barker, "Pharmaceuticals Policy", unpublished draft, undated. (The maximum
profit allowed was set at a fixed percentage of the CIF price.)

43

\CSSR/lCMR,Healthfor
All-An Alternative Strategy, Report of a study group set up jointly
by the ICSSR and ICMR, Indian Institute of Education, Pune 1981, p. 178.

44

Ibid.

45

Ibid., p.7. (Also figure of 12 million leprosy sufferers from Goodwin, Williams, Fitzsimons,
"Introduction" - "The Present State of Tropical Medicine in the United Kingdom",
Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol.75, Supplement
1981, p.3.)

46

UNCTAD, Case studies in the transfer of technology the pharmaceutical industry in India,
study prepared by the Jawarharlal Nehru University and the Indian Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research, United Nations, 1977, pp.4-7, Table 19 (p.38) and Table 20 (pp.40-41).

47

Ibid., p.39.

48

-

ICSSR/ICMR, op.cit.
UNCTAD, 1977, op. cit.
Hathi Report, Report ofthe Committee on Drug and Pharmaceutical Industry, Ministry
of Petroleum & Chemicals, Government of India, April 1975.

49

Hathi, op.cit., p.95.

50

The April 1979 Drugs (Prices Control) Order attempted to keep down the prices of essential
drugs by fixing lower price mark-ups for more essential items. In practice this has encouraged
production of less essential drugs with higher profit margins. (Mukarram Bhagat Aspects of
the Drug Industry in India, Centre for Education and Documentation, Bombay, February
1982, pp.90-95.)

51

Arnold Worlock, Group Marketing Director, The Wellcome Foundation Limited, personal
communication, 28 May 1982.

52

Ibid. The policy of licensed capacity is intended to restrict production of non-essential drugs.
In practice, many companies have been producing far in excess of their licensed capacities
without action being taken, but the dapsone case has parallels. Alembic Chemical was required
to export its unlicensed over-production of penicillin - a much-needed drug. The Indian public
sector pioneered bulk drug production in the country and almost all its output is of important
bulk drugs, but they have a poor record for reaching production targets, idle capacities and
heavy financial losses. (Bhagat, op.cit.)

53

Bhagat, op.cit., p.116.

54

Expert Committee Report, Evaluation of Registered/Licensed Products and Draft National
Drug Policy, Dacca, Bangladesh, 11 May 1982, p.92.

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