Waag, al( 2010) |
et |
injected intraperitoneally into experimental mice on Day 0( start of experiment). After 72h( Day 3), when the parasitemia was about 2 – 4 %, infected mice were treated with three oral doses of garlic pearl oil. Blood was drawn from tail vein to check the parasitemia progression or inhibition at regular time intervals and mouse mortality was noted daily by staining blood smears with Giemsa.
Analysis of parasite specific Immunoglobulin G( IgG) responses by using ELISA DS-PAGE and western blot analyses Statistical analysis A value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered ssignificant.
The inhibitory effects of Allicin and its derivates were tested against the parasite enzymes falcipain 2 from Plasmodium falciparum, the protozoa causing malaria.
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Increasing the garlic pearl oil quantity from 50 mL / mouse to 100 or 150 mL / mouse in combination with α-β arteether at 750 mg resulted in complete protection of animals from malaria infection. These results clearly indicate that by adding garlic pearl oil to arteether therapy as a partner drug antimalarial activity
can be enhanced. Allicin showed a significant effect on the inhibition of falcipain Ki and P. falciparum
IC50( 1.04 ± 0.08 and 5.21 ± 0.96 µ M)
|
Allicin |
apparently |
contribute |
to |
their |
antiparasitic |
activity, |
as |
two of the |
|
|
most potent falcipain |
inhibitors display potent |
antiplasmodial activity. |
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All studies shown positive result towards Allicin from garlic inhibits Plasmodium sp.( especially Plasmodium Falciparum and Plasmodium Berghei) through in vivo and in vitro method and has potential activity as antimalaria medicine.
3.2.1 Microtubule as a potential target for antimalarial
Microtubules, which are filamentous polymers, are central components of the cytoskeleton found in almost all eukaryotic cells. Tubulin, the main protein of microtubules, has been recognized as the potential target for antimalarial drug and the selective inhibition of tubulin in parasites has been evaluated. P. falciparum has five single-copy tubulin genes, consisting of αI, αII, β, γ, and δ-tubulin. Microtubules are involved in the establishment and maintenance of the mitotic spindle that is essential for chromosome segregation during cell division. They are the basic polymers in eukaryotic flagella and cilia, playing a major role in cell motility. Furthermore, they act as tracks for the intracellular transport of vesicles and organelles. Accordingly, microtubules also play important roles in cell division, motility and structural integrity of the malarial parasite P. falciparum. In the asexual erythrocytic stage of the parasite, microtubules are required for nuclear division, partitioning of organelles and cytosol into merozoites, and for the invasion of erythrocytes by newly formed sporozoit and merozoites( Kappes and Rohrbach, 2007). The presence of the microtubule motor proteins, kinesin and dynein are identified in P. falciparum sporozoit and merozoites. The kinesins form a large family of proteins, with different tasks within the cell. Cytoplasmic dynein, of which there at least three types has a multi-chain structure and also complexes with several other proteins. It consists of two HCs, two ICs, four light ICs and multiple light chains. Both kinesins and c dynein are known to play major roles in mitosis. What