Waag , al ( 2010 ) |
et |
injected intraperitoneally into experimental mice on Day 0 ( start of experiment ). After 72h ( Day 3 ) , when the parasitemia was about 2 – 4 %, infected mice were treated with three oral doses of garlic pearl oil . Blood was drawn from tail vein to check the parasitemia progression or inhibition at regular time intervals and mouse mortality was noted daily by staining blood smears with Giemsa .
Analysis of parasite specific Immunoglobulin G ( IgG ) responses by using ELISA DS-PAGE and western blot analyses Statistical analysis A value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered ssignificant .
The inhibitory effects of Allicin and its derivates were tested against the parasite enzymes falcipain 2 from Plasmodium falciparum , the protozoa causing malaria .
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Increasing the garlic pearl oil quantity from 50 mL / mouse to 100 or 150 mL / mouse in combination with α-β arteether at 750 mg resulted in complete protection of animals from malaria infection . These results clearly indicate that by adding garlic pearl oil to arteether therapy as a partner drug antimalarial activity
can be enhanced . Allicin showed a significant effect on the inhibition of falcipain Ki and P . falciparum
IC50 ( 1.04 ± 0.08 and 5.21 ± 0.96 µ M )
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Allicin |
apparently |
contribute |
to |
their |
antiparasitic |
activity , |
as |
two of the |
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most potent falcipain |
inhibitors display potent |
antiplasmodial activity . |
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All studies shown positive result towards Allicin from garlic inhibits Plasmodium sp .( especially Plasmodium Falciparum and Plasmodium Berghei ) through in vivo and in vitro method and has potential activity as antimalaria medicine .
3.2.1 Microtubule as a potential target for antimalarial
Microtubules , which are filamentous polymers , are central components of the cytoskeleton found in almost all eukaryotic cells . Tubulin , the main protein of microtubules , has been recognized as the potential target for antimalarial drug and the selective inhibition of tubulin in parasites has been evaluated . P . falciparum has five single-copy tubulin genes , consisting of αI , αII , β , γ , and δ-tubulin . Microtubules are involved in the establishment and maintenance of the mitotic spindle that is essential for chromosome segregation during cell division . They are the basic polymers in eukaryotic flagella and cilia , playing a major role in cell motility . Furthermore , they act as tracks for the intracellular transport of vesicles and organelles . Accordingly , microtubules also play important roles in cell division , motility and structural integrity of the malarial parasite P . falciparum . In the asexual erythrocytic stage of the parasite , microtubules are required for nuclear division , partitioning of organelles and cytosol into merozoites , and for the invasion of erythrocytes by newly formed sporozoit and merozoites ( Kappes and Rohrbach , 2007 ). The presence of the microtubule motor proteins , kinesin and dynein are identified in P . falciparum sporozoit and merozoites . The kinesins form a large family of proteins , with different tasks within the cell . Cytoplasmic dynein , of which there at least three types has a multi-chain structure and also complexes with several other proteins . It consists of two HCs , two ICs , four light ICs and multiple light chains . Both kinesins and c dynein are known to play major roles in mitosis . What