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Licensing. To which license are the data and information subject to? A license can grant under existing copyright the individual exploitation rights to a user( e. g., for retransmission, modification, etc.). This can enable the usage of the data through a third party – either commercial or non‐commercial( see terms of usage). To clarify a liability or the disclaiming liability requires a contractual agreement between the user and the author. This can take place, for example, in the form of a license agreement between a licensor( here: the state) and a licensee( in this case a third party).
Data organization. In which form are the data and information organized? It is important to clarify how data and information are stored and managed respectively. In accordance with Weill and Ross( 2004), proposed types of architecture for IT governance and the case study analysis( e. g., Data. gov, Data. gov. uk and Data. govt. nz) we propose the following three types of data organization: central, federal, and decentralized.
Involvement of external stakeholders. Are external stakeholders integrated in the process of creating transparency, participation and collaboration? In addition to internal stakeholders, such as government, ministries or public authorities, the involvement of external stakeholders is possible for the introduction and operation of OGD portals. An example from the case study analysis is the involvement of the service provider ecoDrive for the acquisition of energy consumption data in UK government departments( Data. gov. uk).
Platform software Who provides the software platform for the OGD portals? The decision for the type of portal software is closely connected to the involvement of external stakeholders or service providers. The state has the choice between a make or buy solution. Thus, either the software is developed in‐house( e. g., Data. govt. nz) or provided externally by a third party( Krcmar 2010).
Portal hosting. Who is responsible for the hosting of the OGD portal? Two aspects are important with regards to the portal hosting. First, where( location) is the portal hosted? Second, by whom is the portal hosted? For instance, the portals analyzed in the USA and UK were hosted by external service providers such as Socrata or CKAN( e. g., Data. gov und Data. gov. uk). In contrast, New Zealand hosts its in‐house developed portal on itself.
Degree of Open Government. Which level of OGD should be achieved? Whenever, a new OGD portal is introduced, the degree of open government has to be identified. One has to decide to which degree and in which form these three principles will be implemented. But one has to keep in mind that transparency presents a prerequisite for the implementation of the other two principles.
Motivation for participation. How is the participation of stakeholders rewarded or how are they motivated to participate or collaborate? The introduction of an OGD portal presents an ongoing process. An OGD portal can only be coined a success, whenever new innovations are created through the re‐use of data and information. According to Reichwald and Piller( 2009), the following forms of motivating citizens, companies and other organizations to be innovative exist: innovation competitions, monetary incentives, mentoring and patenting.
3.2 Operational dimension
After the identification of the strategic orientation of an OGD initiative, the public administration has to concentrate on the concrete implementation and operation of an OGD portal. Table 3 and 4 illustrate the characteristics and their instances relevant for the implementation and operation of OGD portals, one from the vendor perspective( table 3) and one from the user perspective( table 4)
Supply. What kind of supply does the OGD portal contain? In a first step, the supplier of an OGD portal has to decide on what kind of supply he wants to provide with the portal: merely data or applications or data and applications. The provision of data can be separated in raw data and linked data. Linked data are aggregated data sets based on different topics and different sources.
Supplier. Who is the supplier for the data of an OGD portal? Our results from the case studies indicate that the supplier of the OGD is either the public administration, a third party or in some cases both. The results of our case study analysis illustrate that third parties are particularly providers of applications.
Revenue model. What is the price for the usage of an OGD portal? OGD are no scarce goods. Thus, from a micro‐economic perspective, these data do not have to have a price, since no scarcity exists( Mankiw 2000).
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