Wolfgang Palka et al.
data portals can submit requests for records to the government. In other cases the authorities were obliged to publish high quality data.
Table 2: Classification scheme for OGD portals – strategic dimension
Characteristics |
Instances |
Type of strategy |
Top‐down |
|
Bottom‐up |
Central political commitment |
Yes |
|
No |
Level of |
Federal |
State |
Municipality |
responsibility |
Government |
|
Ministry |
Freedom of information act |
Yes |
|
No |
Stakeholder |
Citizens |
Companies |
Non‐profit organizations |
State |
Involvement of |
Direct |
|
Indirect |
stakeholders |
Idea competition |
Taskforces |
Wikis / Blogs |
Identification of demand & supply |
Market‐based
Consultation
Competitions
|
|
Resource‐based |
Data policies & standards |
Yes |
|
No |
Provision of data |
Based on requests |
Proactive |
Required by law |
Copyright |
Copyright of the state |
|
National copyright |
Terms of usage |
Commercial |
|
Non‐commercial |
Licensing |
None |
Own |
Standardized |
Organization of data |
Central |
Federal |
Decentralized |
Involvement of external |
Yes |
|
No |
stakeholders |
|
|
|
Portal‐software |
Supplied by third party |
|
In‐house development |
Portal‐hosting |
Operated by third party |
|
Operated in‐house |
Degree of open government |
Transparency with indirect participation |
Transparency with direct participation |
Transparency with direct participation and collaboration |
Motivation for participation |
Competition |
Monetary |
Mentoring |
Patent |
Data policies & standards. Do standards or policies for the publication of OGD exist? The case study analysis disclosed that the formulation of data policies and / or standards is essential for the OGD portal implementation( i. e., Department of Internal Affairs( 2011)). These policies and standards determine for instance characteristics( e. g., openness, protection, or costs) of data and information. Provision of data. In what manner are data and information in OGD portals provided? It is important to identify in which manner and form the data is provisioned. One possibility is to provide data based on requests of customers. An expanded form represents the proactive publication, i. e., ministries and departments will cover self‐initiated the need for data, so that requests from the stakeholders are no longer necessary. The third alternative is the publication of data and information because it is mandated by law( i. e., Orszag( 2009)).
Copyright. How is the legitimate copyright of the published data protected? Information usually has a copyright. Depending on the country, such information is subject to different nationally regulated copyrights. These inter alia protect the author against the unlawful reproduction or illegal use elsewhere of his / her works. The need for copyright protection is particularly important in the context of re‐use of data and information. Ideally, a copyright legislation exists for the introduction of an OGD platform( e. g., like the Crown Copyright).
Terms of usage. What are the terms of usage for the data and information published on an OGD portal? Whenever data and information are protected by copyright regulations, the scope of use plays a significant role and has to be examined carefully. In some cases, the commercial usage of data may not be desired or even forbidden by the owner. Our case studies disclosed that the commercial usage was generally possible except one case were the licensing explicitly prohibited it( i. e., The National Archives 2012).
611