Wolfgang Palka et al.
In addition to the formal structure of the morphological boxes, we had to tackle with structuring the content. As a consequence of the findings of the case study analysis, we divided the classification schemes into two dimensions: the strategic and the operational dimension. To underpin this result, we reviewed literature. The finding was: the planning of strategic objectives and their implementation and operation of OGD is consistent with managing a company( Rüegg‐Stürm 2005).
3.1 Strategic dimension
The strategic dimension of the classification scheme addresses the fundamental and long‐term orientation of the OGD portals. The case based analysis revealed that the formulation and implementation of a strategy presents a crucial step in the planning of an OGD portal. Table 2 displays the characteristics and their instances relevant to the strategic dimension.
Type of strategy. Which type of strategy is used for the introduction of OGD portals? The distributed competences and responsibilities that characterize this introductory process necessitate a clearly defined strategy: a top‐down or bottom‐up approach( Buytendijk 2010). For the top‐down strategy a central authority needs to identify clear goals. The direct involvement of stakeholders and interest groups affected by the strategy is not absolutely necessary. In contrast, when pursuing a bottom‐up strategic approach, the stakeholders have to be involved actively( Buytendijk 2010; Elcock 1996).
Central political commitment. Do target agreements exist between all parties involved in the implementation of the OGD portal? In order to achieve an opening of the state and its data, all interested parties should ideally agree to a common goal agreement( commitment), similar to the concept of management‐by‐objectives( Drucker 2007). The purpose of this procedure is to generate commitment and acceptance for the implementation of the OGD portal( i. e., Orszag 2009).
Level of responsibility. Which political level is responsible for the OGD portal? Based on the findings of the case study evidence and based on the criteria of federalism, we suggest a separation into the following instances: federal government, state governments and local authorities. Additionally, a subdivision in the respective local government institutions or ministries is possible( e. g., Data. govt. nz that is operated by the Department of Internal Affairs New Zealand).
Freedom of information act. Does a freedom of information act exist as a basis for the introduction of an OGD portal? For the introduction of an OGD portal it has to be clarified whether a Freedom of Information Act exists. They constitute an important basis for the introduction and provide fundamental rights for stakeholders to information held by the state or a state institution. With the help of a Freedom of Information Act a state commits to the release of information. The publication of specific data can only be withheld in exceptional cases.
Stakeholders. Which stakeholders are involved into the implementation and provision of an OGD portal? Based on the case study evidence, we conclude that Freeman’ s stakeholder model( Freeman 2010) can also be transferred to the implementation of OGD portals. The state assumes the role of the company. Stakeholders in the surrounding field of the state are: citizens, companies and non‐profit organizations as well as the state itself in form of the institutions such as government, administration or ministries.
Involvement of stakeholders. In what way can stakeholders be involved into the introduction of OGD portals? During the introduction of OGD portals, and specifically in the identification of requirements, it is important to clarify what data and information are needed to ensure transparency. More so, participation opportunities for stakeholders should be identified. To determine the necessary requirements, stakeholder involvement is recommendable. This involvement can be conducted directly( e. g., using ideas competitions like the Open Data Challenge( Open Knowledge Foundation 2011)) or in an indirect manner( e. g., based on wikis and blogs).
Identification of demand & supply. Who determines the supply and demand of data and information? To estimate the cost of implementing and operating an OGD portal, it is necessary to specify the supply and demand. According to Elcock( 1996), two perspectives exist: market‐ and resource‐based. In the analyzed case studies the demand was frequently calculated based on the market, e. g., by the possibility that users of British
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