Современные проблемы сервиса и туризма 2015_v.9_#4 | Page 8
Per Stromberg, Alexandra V. Trotsenko
«That is why Arthur Hazelius should be considered as the true founder of a new type of
museum» [3; P. 11].
A new type of museum – skansen or
open-air museum appeared in 1891. That
year, Swedish scholar of language, anthropologist, collector Artur Immanuel Hazelius
(30.11.1833–27.05.1901) (ill. 1) organized an
open public access to the original objects –
residential houses and household outbuildings, transferred by him to Stockholm at
Djurgården from the village of Mora in Dalarna County in 1885. This exhibition was conceived as «Museum of life», and it became
very popular among residents of the capital
of Sweden soon, and began to grow in number and species composition. Soon, all over
Europe such a museum began to spring up
like mushrooms. Georges Henri Rivière called
them the «museums of the houses», but it is
more correct to name them the «museums
of farm houses». And almost a century later
Ill. 1 – Portrait of Artur Hazelius – author of the
first in the world open-air museum «Skansen»
(Julius Kronberg, 1910. Resurces: Swedish
Academian)1 (Resource: http://www.skansen.se)
started appearing so-called. «ecomuseums»
and «industrial museums», which have been
purposed to present the everyday life and
work of some part of the population. Features and conditions of everyday life, shown
in such museums, are presented in exact historical and geographical terms.
Today, skansen as a kind of open-air museums are in all European and in most countries of the world. The five historical stages in
the history of European skansens can be distinguished.
I. Origin of the idea and the opening
of the first skansen (up to 1891). There are
several versions of the appearance of the first
prototype of an open-air museum. According
to the one of them, for the first time the idea
of exposing peasant buildings with full home
decor in an open environment – City Royal
Park in North Zealand (Denmark) was proposed in 1790 by Swiss scientist Charles de
Bonstetten [7]. According to another version,
the World’s Expositions, particularly EXPO Vienna 1873 (Weltausstellung 1873 Wien), exerted the influence on emergence of concept
an open-air museum. And the Europe’s first
attempt of reconstruction of the prehistoric
settlement in the park Bally (of Schönenwerd,
Switzerland) also probably impacted on origin
an open-air museum.
The Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments that was primarily focused on the structures of rural architecture was founded in 1844 in Norway. In
1850s Norwegian ethnographer and sociologist Eilert Sundt was actively involved with the
study vernacular architecture, and in 1861 he
published five articles on this subject. In 1885,
the Norwegian merchant Thomas Hefti built a
house in Sarabråten, which was a copy of the
famous historic manor from the Østerdalen.
The household outbuildings traditional for
county Telemark were constructed around
this house. Around this building Hefti left intact all the old rural buildings, preserving the
historic environment. In 1882 he made a proposal to establish an open-air museum, and
organized the raising funds for transportation
in Sarabråten and restoration of the famous
1
J. Kronberg studio is now also part of Skansen, an open-air museum in Stockholm, and it is open to the public
but only a few weeks a year.
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