ZEMCH 2019 International Conference Proceedings April.2020

(2015) [6] and CIBSE Guide A {15]. Table 1 summarises the properties of the materials used for simulations. Table 1. Material properties used in the simulations. Thermal Conductivity (W/m∙K) 1.00 0.86 37.00 1.31 0.04 0.90 5.00 Material Brick Hollow Concrete Block Iron sheet roof (0.7 solar absorptance value) Concrete Insulation Glass Window frame Thickness Density (m) (Kg/m3) 0.200 0.200 0.003 0.100 0.050 0.006 0.050 1900 875 7800 2240 240 ‐ ‐ According to the statistical data above, a 3 × 3 × 3m single‐zone property with four occupants with a south facing 2 × 1 m door and a 1 × 1 m single glazed window with effective opening areas of 80% was modelled, as the representative of a low‐income house in urban areas of Uganda. Permanent background ventilators were also considered above all the window and doors, as a common practice in Uganda (Figure 2). “AirflowNetwork” was used to accurately simulate natural ventilation through the openings. . Figure 2. Permanent ventilators on windows and doors The occupancy profile was defined as fully occupied from 6 pm to 8 am and one occupant from 8 am to 6 pm. The occupants’ behaviours were defined as [16]: windows open 6:30 am ‐ 6:30pm; doors open 7 am–8 pm. For night ventilation strategies, windows and roof vents were considered to be open permanently including during nights. Adaptive method and overheating criteria, defined in BS EN 15251 [17] and CIBSE TM52 [18], are used to evaluate the risk of thermal discomfort. Table 2 summarises the overheating criteria used for thermal comfort assessments. Table 2. Overheating assessment criteria. Criterion 1 239 Assessment Criteria * Percentage of occupied hours during which ΔT (ΔT = T op − T max rounded to the nearest whole degree) is greater than or equal to 1°K Acceptable Deviation Up to 3% of occupied hours ZEMCH 2019 International Conference l Seoul, Korea

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