Sarah N. Douglas, PhD, is an associate professor at Michigan State University in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies. Her work focuses on supporting children with disabilities, their families, and their educational teams with an emphasis on cultural adaptation to interventions to support implementation with diverse children and families. Prior to her work in academia, she was a special education teacher. sdouglas @ msu. edu
Holly E. Brophy-Herb, PhD, is a developmental scientist and endorsed infant mental health mentor studying infants’ and toddlers’ early experiences with emotions in the context of parent-child and educator-child relationships. hbrophy @ msu. edu
References
Arroyo-Ramírez, E., J. Jones, S. O’ Neill, & H. Smith. 2021.“ An Introduction to Radical Empathy in Archival Practice.” Journal of Critical Library and Information Studies 3( 2): Article 2.
Bar-Haim, Y., T. Ziv, D. Lamy, & R. M. Hodes. 2006.“ Nature and Nurture in Own-Race Face Processing.” Psychological Science 17( 2): 159 – 163.
Berk, L. E. 2022. Infants, Children, and Adolescents. 9th ed. Sage Publications.
Bigler, R. S., & L. S. Liben. 2007.“ Developmental Intergroup Theory: Explaining and Reducing Children’ s Social Stereotyping and Prejudice.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 16( 3): 162 – 66.
Blanchard, S. B., S. I. Coard, B. J. Hardin, & M. Mereoiu. 2019.“ Use of Parental Racial Socialization with African American Toddler Boys.” Journal of Child and Family Studies 28( 2): 387 – 400.
Braveman, P. A., E. Arkin, D. Proctor, T. Kauh, & N. Holm. 2022.“ Systemic and Structural Racism: Definitions, Examples, Health Damages, and Approaches to Dismantling.” Health Affairs 41( 2): 171 – 78. doi. org / 10.1377 / hlthaff. 2021.01394.
Brey, E., & K. Shutts. 2018.“ Children Use Nonverbal Cues from an Adult to Evaluate Peers.” Journal of Cognition and Development 19( 2): 121 – 36.
Bruno, E. P., & I. U. Iruka. 2022.“ Reexamining the Carolina Abecedarian Project Using an Antiracist Perspective: Implications for Early Care and Education Research.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 58: 165 – 76.
Bryan, N. 2020.“ Shaking the‘ Bad Boys’: Troubling the Criminalization of Black Boys’ Childhood Play, Hegemonic White Masculinity and Femininity, and the‘ School Playgroundto-Prison Pipeline.’” Race Ethnicity and Education 23( 5): 673 – 92.
Buchanan, L., Q. Bui, & J. K. Patel. 2020.“ Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U. S. History.” New York Times, July 3. nytimes. com / interactive / 2020 / 07 / 03 / us / george-floydprotests-crowd-size. html.
Castelli, L., & L. Carraro. 2020.“ No Evidence of Racial Discrimination Among Toddlers.” Psicologia Sociale 15( 2): 285 – 92.
Chen, D. W., J. Nimmo, & H. Fraser. 2009.“ Becoming a Culturally Responsive Early Childhood Educator: A Tool to Support Reflection by Teachers Embarking on the Anti-Bias Journey.” Multicultural Perspectives 11( 2): 101 – 06.
Chin, C. W., J. Baran, G. Maurer, & C. Jhee. 2021. Coming Together: Family Reflections on Racism. Sesame Workshop. sesameworkshop. org / wp-content / uploads / 2023 / 03 / sw _ comingtogether _ final. pdf.
Curenton, S., & I. Iruka. 2013. Cultural Competence in Early Childhood Education. Bridgepoint Education.
Curenton, S., K. Harris, S. E. Rochester, J. Sims, & N. Ibekwe- Okafor. 2022.“ Promoting Racial Literacy in Early Childhood: Storybooks and Conversations with Young Black Children.” Child Development Perspectives 16( 1): 3 – 9. srcd. onlinelibrary. wiley. com / doi / epdf / 10.1111 / cdep. 12440.
Davies, K., L. R. Tropp, A. Aron, T. F. Pettigrew, & S. C. Wright. 2011.“ Cross-Group Friendships and Intergroup Attitudes: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 15( 4): 332 – 51.
Derman-Sparks, L., & J. O. Edwards. With C. Goins. 2020. Anti- Bias Education for Young Children and Ourselves. 2nd ed. NAEYC.
Doucet, F., M. Banerjee, & S. Parade. 2016.“ What Should Young Black Children Know About Race? Parents of Preschoolers, Preparation for Bias, and Promoting Egalitarianism.” Journal of Early Childhood Research 16( 1). doi. org / 10.1177 / 1476718X166307.
Dowdall, N., G. J. Melendez-Torres, L. Murray, F. Gardner, L. Hartford, et al. 2020.“ Shared Picture Book Reading Interventions for Child Language Development: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Child Development 91( 2): e383 – 99.
Dunbar, A. S., E. M. Leerkes, S. I. Coard, A. J. Supple, & S. Calkins. 2017.“ An Integrative Conceptual Model of Parental Racial / Ethnic and Emotion Socialization and Links to Children’ s Social-Emotional Development Among African American Families.” Child Development Perspectives 11( 1): 16 – 22.
Durden, T., & S. Curenton. 2021.“ Recognizing Shortcomings of a Traditional Professional Knowledge Base.” In Advancing Equity and Embracing Diversity in Early Childhood Education: Elevating Voices and Actions, eds. I. Alanis & I. U. Iruka, with S. Friedman. NAEYC.
Eddie, A. L. 2025.“ Cultivating Healthy Ethnic-Racial Identity Development Among Infants and Toddlers Through Justice- Based Ethnic-Racial Socialization.” PhD diss., Michigan State University.
Escayg, K.-A. 2020.“ Anti-Racism in U. S. Early Childhood Education: Foundational Principles.” Sociology Compass 14( 4): e12764. doi. org / 10.1111 / soc4.12764.
Evans, J. 2012.“‘ This Is Me’: Developing Literacy and a Sense of Self Through Play, Talk and Stories.” Education 3-13 40( 3): 315 – 31.
92 Young Children
Winter 2025