xvi Contents
4.3.3 Comparison of major features of hazard level 1 non-front-fanged snakes( Dispholidus typus, Thelotornis capensis, Thelotornis kirtlandii, Rhabdophis tigrinus, Rhabdophis subminiatus, and Rhabdophis ceylonensis)........................... 457
4.3.4 Guilty without a trial: three additional unsupported reports of fatal outcomes after bites by Tachymenis peruviana( Wiegmann, 1834)( Dipsadidae), Oligodon arnensis( Shaw, 1802)( Colubridae, Colubrinae), and Xenodon severus( Linnaeus, 1758)( Dipsadidae).......................................................................... 458
4.4 Aberrant cases and representative cases without clear etiology: a critical assessment of risk............................................................. 464 4.4.1 Boiga irregularis( Bechstein, 1802)( Colubridae,
Colubrinae).......................................................................... 464 4.4.2 Malpolon monspessulanus( Hermann, 1804)
( Psammophiidae)................................................................. 475 4.4.3 Hydrodynastes gigas( Duméril et al., 1854),
Dipsadidae........................................................................... 481 4.4.4 Philodryas olfersii latirostris( Cope, 1863),
Dipsadidae........................................................................... 486
4.4.5 Platyceps najadum( Eichwald, 1831) [ Colubridae, Colubrinae ]: a fatal case of progressive neuropathy from a colubrid bite?............................................................ 492
4.4.6 Hierophis viridiflavus( Lacépéde, 1789) [ Colubridae, Colubrinae ]: a case of neurotoxic colubrine bite or a more common etiology?................................................... 497
4.4.7“ Venomous” bites by non-venomous lizards?.................. 503
4.5 Pitfalls noted in documented cases: Differentiating Perceived versus Evidence-Based Risk........................................ 528 4.5.1 Examples of pitfalls noted in documented cases.............. 528 4.5.2 Perceived versus evidence-based risk: human response to trauma and somatosensory amplification..................................................................... 546
4.6 Recommendations for management of medically significant non-front-fanged snake bites...................................... 550 4.6.1 General................................................................................. 4.6.2 Specific.................................................................................