xiv Contents
CHAPTER 3 A brief overview of the history of non-front-fanged snake venom research.
................................................................................................. 81 3.1 Background and beginnings............................................................ 81 3.2 The modem era: advances and attributions..................................... 85 3.3 A brief overview of major classes of non-front-fanged colubroid venom components.......................................................... 95 3.3.1 Three-finger-fold toxins( 3-FFTXs)................................... 95 3.3.2 Cysteine-rich secretory proteins( CRiSPs)........................ 97 3.3.3 Snake venom metalloproteases( SVMPs), matrix metalloproteases( MMPs), and snake venom serine proteases( SVSPs)................................................................. 98 3.3.4 Phospholipases A2 and B( PLA2 and PLB)................... 102 3.3.5‘ Other’ components.......................................................... 104 3.3.6 A comment on the hypothesized assignment of snake venom toxins to clinical effects of envenoming: causality and strength of association........................................................................... 105
3.3.7 Illumination of biological function: prey-specificity and research trends.............................................................. 130 3.3.8 Immunology of non-front-fanged snake venoms............ 146 3.3.9 Commercial antivenoms against medically important elapids and viperids: possible use for envenoming by non-frontfanged snakes; utility or futility?........................................ 149
3.3.10 Future research................................................................ 152
CHAPTER 4 Medically significant bites by non-front-fanged snakes( NFFCs)................................................................... 155 4.1 Typical features of documented cases and evidence-based risk................................................................................................. 160 4.1.1 Published and communicated or managed cases of medically significant nonfront-fanged colubroid bites: summaries and strength of evidence.......................... 161 4.1.2 Epidemiology of bites from non-front-fanged snakes.... 320 4.1.3 Circumstances associated with species capable of inflicting life-threatening envenoming................................ 345 4.2 Some representative genera: typical features of bites and an overview of their natural history and toxinology.................... 347 Colubridae, Ahaetuliinae............................................................. 347 4.2.1 Genus Chrysopelea( Boie, 1826): background and general features of documented bites.............................................................. 347