Value
CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES
According to Z . K . Sataranjiwallah , " In general , value may be classified into three categories on the basis of its nature , namely biological value , intrinsic value and instrumental value . Biological value lead to the philosophy of naturalism , intrinsic values lead to idealism and instrumental values lead to pragmatism ".
( a ) Biological value : The slogan of this value is " Everything that is desired is desirable ". Biological values provide complete freedom and exercise of choice to the child . However , it should be remembered that what is desired by the child may not be desirable .
( b ) Intrinsic value : Intrinsic values are reflected in idealism . The most basic and important intrinsic values are truth , beauty and goodness . They are reflected in each individual whether others like them or not .
( c ) Instrumental value : in these values , the principle of utility is the guiding factor . Instrumental values are judged on the basis of experience . They are dependent on the consequences or the outcomes of actions . Such values are the results of the pragmatic experience of human beings
KINDS OF VALUES
Values are of various kinds and are named according to their specifications .
Aesthetic values : Aesthetic values emerging from and related to arts such as dancing , sculpture , painting , dramatization , music etc . Personal Values : Personal values refer to those values which are desired and cherished by the individual irrespective of his or her social relationship . The individual determines his own standards of achievement and attains these targets without explicit interaction with any other person . Examples : ambition , cleanliness , contentment , courage , creativity , determination , dignity of labour , diligence , excellence , honesty , hope , maturity , regularity , punctuality , self-confidence , selfmotivation , simplicity etc . Social Values : Social values refer to those values which are other oriented . They are concerning to society . These values are cherished and practiced because of our association with others . Unlike personal values , the practice of social values necessitates the interaction of two or more persons . Social values are always practised in relation to our neighbours , community , society , nation and the world . Social values are local , parochial and temporary in application . They may change with the change of social circumstances . These are external relationships of the individual with society . These values may also be considered as historically conditioned socio-political expressions of religion . Examples : accountability , brotherhood , concern for environment , courtesy , dialogue , dutifulness , forgiveness , freedom , friendship , gratitude , hospitality , justice , love , magnanimity , patience , repentance , responsibility , service , sharing , sportsmanship , sympathy , team spirit , tolerance etc . Moral Values : Moral values refer to those values which are related to an individual ' s character and personality conforming to what is right and virtuous . They reveal a person ' s self-control . Examples : honesty , integrity , sense of responsibility , compassion etc . Spiritual Values : We define ethical value as the perception of the ' within ' in man , it arises from the inner depth dimension of man ; it bestows the capacity to see the false as the false and the true as the true ; it is the key to the integration of man . The ultimate ethical value is called spiritual value . Spiritual value is the awareness itself . Virtues that are associated with spiritual values are : purity , contentment , austerity , scriptural study , devotion to God , spiritual wisdom , dispassion , selfdiscipline , control of the senses , endurance , piety , sublimity , meditation , tranquility etc .
Dr . George Varghese , Asst . Professor , MTTC Pathanapuram