Value
CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES
According to Z. K. Sataranjiwallah, " In general, value may be classified into three categories on the basis of its nature, namely biological value, intrinsic value and instrumental value. Biological value lead to the philosophy of naturalism, intrinsic values lead to idealism and instrumental values lead to pragmatism ".
( a) Biological value: The slogan of this value is " Everything that is desired is desirable ". Biological values provide complete freedom and exercise of choice to the child. However, it should be remembered that what is desired by the child may not be desirable.
( b) Intrinsic value: Intrinsic values are reflected in idealism. The most basic and important intrinsic values are truth, beauty and goodness. They are reflected in each individual whether others like them or not.
( c) Instrumental value: in these values, the principle of utility is the guiding factor. Instrumental values are judged on the basis of experience. They are dependent on the consequences or the outcomes of actions. Such values are the results of the pragmatic experience of human beings
KINDS OF VALUES
Values are of various kinds and are named according to their specifications.
Aesthetic values: Aesthetic values emerging from and related to arts such as dancing, sculpture, painting, dramatization, music etc. Personal Values: Personal values refer to those values which are desired and cherished by the individual irrespective of his or her social relationship. The individual determines his own standards of achievement and attains these targets without explicit interaction with any other person. Examples: ambition, cleanliness, contentment, courage, creativity, determination, dignity of labour, diligence, excellence, honesty, hope, maturity, regularity, punctuality, self-confidence, selfmotivation, simplicity etc. Social Values: Social values refer to those values which are other oriented. They are concerning to society. These values are cherished and practiced because of our association with others. Unlike personal values, the practice of social values necessitates the interaction of two or more persons. Social values are always practised in relation to our neighbours, community, society, nation and the world. Social values are local, parochial and temporary in application. They may change with the change of social circumstances. These are external relationships of the individual with society. These values may also be considered as historically conditioned socio-political expressions of religion. Examples: accountability, brotherhood, concern for environment, courtesy, dialogue, dutifulness, forgiveness, freedom, friendship, gratitude, hospitality, justice, love, magnanimity, patience, repentance, responsibility, service, sharing, sportsmanship, sympathy, team spirit, tolerance etc. Moral Values: Moral values refer to those values which are related to an individual ' s character and personality conforming to what is right and virtuous. They reveal a person ' s self-control. Examples: honesty, integrity, sense of responsibility, compassion etc. Spiritual Values: We define ethical value as the perception of the ' within ' in man, it arises from the inner depth dimension of man; it bestows the capacity to see the false as the false and the true as the true; it is the key to the integration of man. The ultimate ethical value is called spiritual value. Spiritual value is the awareness itself. Virtues that are associated with spiritual values are: purity, contentment, austerity, scriptural study, devotion to God, spiritual wisdom, dispassion, selfdiscipline, control of the senses, endurance, piety, sublimity, meditation, tranquility etc.
Dr. George Varghese, Asst. Professor, MTTC Pathanapuram