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32 Piper, Laurence and Roger Deacon. “Too Dependent to Participate: Ward Committees and Local Democratisation in South Africa”. Local Government Studies, 35 (4) (2009): 415-433. Smith, Graham. Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108, SA. 1996. Wesselink, Anna, Jouni Paavola, Oliver Fritsch, Ortwin Renn. “Rationales for Public Participation in Environmental Policy and Governance: Practitioners' Perspectives”. Environment and Planning, 43 (2011): 2688-2704.