UGLOBAL. COM 80
ANDRÉS SOLIMANO
Sources | 注释:
1
A citizen of, say, the Caribbean island of Saint Kitts and Nevis has access to free-visa entry to 152 countries. In turn, a citizen of Cyprus, a EU-member state, has access to 172 nations without visa. 例如, 加勒比海地区岛屿国家圣基茨和尼维斯公民能够免签出行全世界 152 个国家; 欧盟成员国塞浦路斯公民能够免签出行 172 个国家 。
2
See Credit Suisse( 2017) Global Wealth Report, 2017 and Andres Solimano( 2018)“ Global Mobility of the Wealthy and their Assets in an Era of Growing Inequality”. paper prepared for the academic workshop- IMC Forum 2018, June 4-6, Geneva. 见 Credit Suisse( 2017) Global Wealth Report, 2017 和 Andres Solimano( 2018)“ Global Mobility of the Wealthy and their Assets in an Era of Growing Inequality”, 发表于 IMC Forum 2018 学术座谈, 6 月 4 日至 6 日, 日内瓦 。
3
The data comes from Credit Suisse( 2017) and Forbes list. 数据来源: Credit Suisse( 2017) 和 Forbes List 。
4
Other countries with significant concentrations of Ultra- HWNIs are France, Australia, Canada,( each with 3,000 HNWIs), Switzerland( 2,800), Italy( 2,600) and Korea( 2,300); see Credit Suisse( 2017). Countries with very large levels of wealth per capita are small jurisdictions in Europe such as Monaco, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Cyprus, Malta and others. In Monaco, for example, it is estimated that one-third of its total population( of around 35,000 people) is composed by HNWIs( residents do not pay income-taxes in Monaco). 其他超高净值个人高度集中的国家包括法国 、 澳大利亚 、 加拿大( 各 3000 人) 、 瑞士( 2800 人) 、 意大利( 2600 人) 和韩国( 2300 人); 见 Credit Suisse 报告( 2017) 。 欧洲范围内人均财富水平位居世界前列的辖 区包括摩纳哥 、 列支敦士登 、 卢森堡 、 塞浦路斯和马耳他等 。 例如, 在 摩纳哥, 总人口中约三分之一( 35000 人) 由高净值个人组成( 摩纳哥居民 无须缴纳所得税) 。
5
See The Wealth Report prepared by the London-based global property company Knight-Frank,( Knight-Frank, 2018), The Global Wealth Report( Credit Suisse, 2017) and the Global Wealth Migration Review( New World Wealth, NWW, Research and Markets, 2018) based in Johannesburg. 见伦敦的全球资产公司 Knight-Frank 发布的 The Wealth Report( Knight- Frank, 2018), The Global Wealth Report( Credit Suisse, 2017) 及 Global Wealth Migration Review( New World Wealth, NWW, Research and Markets, 2018) 。
6
New World Wealth, NWW, Research and Markets( 2018) Global Wealth Migration Review, Johannesburg.
7
The exact meaning of“ effective residence” in some of these countries— particularly small islands— is unclear. Some of these nations offer residence permits and citizenship that require minimal staying periods besides financial contributions to national development funds and purchase of real estate and government bonds. 在一些国家( 特别是规模较小的岛国) 中,“ 有效居住” 的确切含义并不 明确 。 有些国家提供的居民和公民许可要求申请人在当地短暂停留, 向 国家发展基金进行金融投资, 购买房地产和政府债券 。
8
Alstadsaeter, Johannesen and Zucman( 2017a)“ Who Owns the Wealth in Tax Havens? Macro Evidence and Implications for Global Inequality” NBER Working Paper 23805 and Boston Consulting Group.
9
Wealth and income distribution estimated using tax – based data is often deemed more accurate than using survey data but this \ assumes, implicitly, that tax information is accurate and complete. A discussion of these issues can be found in Solimano, A.( 2017) Global Capitalism in Disarray. Inequality, Debt and Austerity, Oxford University Press. 使用税务相关数据进行的财富和收入分配评估一般被认为比调查数据 更为准确, 但必须保证税务信息的准确和完全 。 关于该问题的讨论相见 Solimano, A.( 2017) Global Capitalism in Disarray. Inequality, Debt and Austerity, Oxford University Press 。
10
Solimano( 2018), op. cit.
11
Alstadsaeter, Johannesen and Zucman( 2017a), Statistical Appendix.
12
Russia is in this range when offshore wealth is estimated through the Net Errors and Omission( NEO methodology), see Novokmet, Piketty and Zucman,( 2017). 若使用净误差与遗漏方法统计离岸财富, 则俄罗斯也处在该区间, 见 Novokmet, Piketty and Zucman,( 2017) 。
Andrés Solimano holds a Ph. D. in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is founder and chairman of the International Center for Globalization and Development. He was formerly Country Director at the World Bank and Executive Director at the Inter- American Development Bank and Senior Economic Advisor at the UN. His most recent books include Global Capitalism at Disarray, Inequality, Debt and Austerity Oxford University Press, 2017, Economic Elites, Crises and Democracy, Oxford University Press 2014, International Migration in the Age of Crisis and Globalization( 2010), Cambridge University Press.
Andrés Solimano 持有麻省理工学院 经济学博士学位 。 他是全球化与发展 国际中心( International Center for Globalization and Development) 创始人和主席 。 曾担任世界银行全 国区总监 、 美洲开发银行执行总 监和联合国高级经济顾问 。 他最 近的著作包括牛津大学出版社于 2017 年出版的“ Global Capitalism at Disarray, Inequality, Debt and Austerity”, 牛津大学出版社于 2014 年出版的“ Economic Elites, Crises and Democracy”, 以及剑桥大学出 版社于 2010 年出版的“ International Migration in the Age of Crisis and Globalization” 。