economic growth , social development , and environmental protection , has gained increasing attention in recent years ( Fig . 2 ). The ocean provides a wide range of goods and services , including food , energy , transportation , and recreation , which are essential for human well-being ( Islam & Shamsuddoha , 2018 ).
The Blue Economy includes various sectors such as aquaculture , tourism , renewable energy , and biotechnology . It emerged during the 2012 United Nations Convention on Sustainable Development ( UNCSD ), aiming to enhance human well-being , promote social equity , and ensure environmental sustainability .
In contrast , Blue Growth specifically focuses on the expansion and advancement of marine and maritime industries , emphasizing profitability , productivity , job creation , and increased market value . It often refers to the potential for financial gains and investment opportunities arising from responsible ocean resource exploitation ( Voyer et al ., 2018 ).
Sustainability and Sustainable Development
Figure 2 . Five components of Blue Economy ( Keen et al ., 2018 ).
Sustainability is a broad concept , addressing current needs without jeopardizing future generations ' ability to meet their own . It considers economic , social , and environmental factors , essential for long-term viability , in decisionmaking , including responsible resource use , waste reduction , and social equity ( Voyer et al ., 2018 ; Bennett , 2018 ; Keen et al ., 2018 ; Silver et al ., 2015 ). In the Blue Economy context , sustainability entails fostering economic growth while ensuring ocean ecosystem health , requiring sustainable practices and technologies to reduce environmental impacts and enhance resource efficiency ( Smith-Godfrey , 2016 ).
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