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remains to be seen. In the states with recent memory of conflict, some process of transitional justice would be fruitful, in tandem with EU measures, to develop a post-conflict rhetoric and quell rivalries and tensions with “other” groups. Power-sharing measures, as well as Horowitz’s argument for constitution building, may also be effective in states where there are large and permanent minority populations. As argued in this paper, for the EU to curb these behaviours by its member states that contradict its own mission outlined in its Charter, it must exercise its soft power and take decisive action in the mechanisms within its member states, rather than exclusively focusing on states still in the accession process.