142 Y. El Dsouki and I. Condello: J Extra Corpor Technol 2025, 57, 137--146
Figure 3. Continued.
through automation directly influences organ protection and metabolic rates, crucial for optimizing patient recovery. Maintaining optimal thermal conditions reduces the incidence of postoperative complications such as acute kidney injury and enhances overall recovery [ 5, 6 ]. These improvements could lead to shorter hospital stays and better long-term health outcomes, emphasizing the clinical efficacy of automated systems [ 7 ]. While the benefits of automated temperature management in CPB are clear, some limitations and challenges necessitate further research [ 8 ]. One major concern is the algorithm’ s reliance on accurate and timely data input, which can be compromised by sensor malfunctions or data integration issues. Despite these benefits, the implementation of fully automated systems introduces potential limitations that must be addressed to ensure clinical safety and acceptance. These include the risk of over-reliance on automation, which may lead to reduced vigilance or delayed clinical response during critical events. Additionally, frequent or false alarms may contribute to alarm fatigue among clinical staff, decreasing the overall responsiveness of the surgical team. Sensor malfunctions or data