The Journal of ExtraCorporeal Technology No 57-1 | Page 11

P . Anton-Martin et al .: J Extra Corpor Technol 2025 , 57 , 2 – 8 5
Table 1 . Characteristics of survivors and non-survivors to hospital discharge .
Characteristics
All cohort ( n = 161 )
Survivors to hospital
discharge ( n = 58 , 36 %)
Non-survivors to hospital discharge ( n = 103 , 64 %) p-value
Demographic data
Age ( years ) a
0.11 ( 0.02 , 1.24 )
0.1 ( 0 , 0.9 )
0.1 ( 0 , 1.5 )
0.238
Age group b
0.973
Neonate ( 30 days )
78 ( 48.1 )
28 ( 48.3 )
50 ( 48.5 )
Pediatric
83 ( 51.5 )
30 ( 51.7 )
53 ( 51.5 )
Weight ( kg ) a
4.06 ( 3 , 9.36 )
4.2 ( 3.3 , 8.6 )
4 ( 3 , 10.4 )
0.805
Height ( cm ) a
62.5 ( 49 , 95.3 )
59.5 ( 51 , 73 )
65.8 ( 49 , 107.4 )
0.491
BSA ( m 2 ) a
0.31 ( 0.21 , 0.62 )
0.3 ( 0.2 , 0.5 )
0.4 ( 0.2 , 0.7 )
0.661
Gender b
0.232
Female
63 ( 39.6 )
19 ( 32.8 )
44 ( 44 )
Male
95 ( 59 )
39 ( 67.2 )
56 ( 56 )
Race b
0.854
Caucasian
91 ( 56.5 )
32 ( 55.2 )
59 ( 57.3 )
African-American
27 ( 16.7 )
11 ( 19 )
16 ( 15.5 )
Other
43 ( 26.8 )
15 ( 25.8 )
28 ( 27.2 )
Diagnostic group b
0.055
CHD
125 ( 77.2 )
49 ( 84.5 )
76 ( 73.8 )
Heart failure
36 ( 22.3 )
9 ( 15.5 )
27 ( 26.2 )
Heart transplant b
10 ( 6.2 )
3 ( 5.2 )
7 ( 6.8 )
0.681
Pre-ECMO data and support
Ventilator support b
< 0.001
Conventional
94 ( 79.7 )
33 ( 73.3 )
60 ( 83.3 )
HFOV
13 ( 11 )
11 ( 24.4 )
2 ( 2.8 )
Other
11 ( 6.8 )
1 ( 2.2 )
10 ( 13.9 )
Pre ECMO arrest b
63 ( 39 )
17 ( 29.3 )
46 ( 45.1 )
0.044
Oxygenation index a
35 ( 14 , 55 )
39 ( 23 , 57 )
32.5 ( 10.5 , 51 )
0.154
Mean BP ( mmHg ) a
41.5 ( 32 , 53 )
42 ( 32 , 53 )
41 ( 31.5 , 52.5 )
0.918
FiO2 need (%) a
100 ( 87 , 100 )
100 ( 91 , 100 )
100 ( 82 , 100 )
0.507
pH a
7.2 ( 7.05 , 7.32 )
7.2 ( 7.1 , 7.3 )
7.2 ( 7 , 7.3 )
0.485
CPB b
63 ( 39 )
27 ( 46.6 )
36 ( 35 )
0.232
VAD b
10 ( 6.2 )
4 ( 6.9 )
6 ( 5.8 )
0.768
RRT b
2 ( 1.2 )
0 ( 0 )
2 ( 1.9 )
0.540
Nitric oxide b
56 ( 34.7 )
24 ( 41.4 )
32 ( 31.1 )
0.325
ECMO data
ECMO mode b
0.843
Veno-arterial
153 ( 94.4 )
55 ( 94.8 )
97 ( 94.2 )
Veno-venous
7 ( 4.3 )
2 ( 3.4 )
5 ( 4.9 )
Unknown
2 ( 1.2 )
1 ( 1.7 )
1 ( 1 )
ECMO type b
0.269
Cardiac
114 ( 70.4 )
42 ( 72.4 )
72 ( 69.9 )
Pulmonary
10 ( 6.2 )
5 ( 8.6 )
5 ( 4.9 )
ECPR
38 ( 23.5 )
11 ( 19 )
26 ( 25.2 )
Cannula location b
0.396
Central
97 ( 60.6 )
37 ( 63.8 )
60 ( 59.4 )
Peripheral
63 ( 39.4 )
21 ( 36.2 )
41 ( 40.6 )
Cardiac index a
1.97 ( 1.57 , 2.47 )
2 ( 1.5 , 2.4 )
1.9 ( 1.6 , 2.5 )
0.853
Outcomes and complications
ECMO duration ( h ) a
130.5 ( 73 , 218 )
105.5 ( 81 , 161 )
137 ( 53 , 312 )
0.222
LOS ( days ) a
29 ( 16.5 , 53.5 )
43.5 ( 29 , 109 )
23 ( 11 , 36 )
< 0.001
MV duration ( h ) a
356 ( 172 , 654 )
387 ( 240 , 721 )
315 ( 125 , 580 )
0.01
Complication type b Cardiovascular
71 ( 43.8 )
15 ( 25.9 )
56 ( 54.4 )
< 0.001
Hemorrhagic
78 ( 48.1 )
18 ( 31 )
60 ( 58.3 )
0.001
Infectious
12 ( 7.4 )
1 ( 1.7 )
11 ( 10.7 )
0.127
Limb
4 ( 2.5 )
0 ( 0 )
4 ( 3.9 )
0.322
Mechanical
53 ( 32.7 )
11 ( 19 )
42 ( 40.8 )
0.006
Metabolic
41 ( 25.3 )
8 ( 13.8 )
33 ( 32 )
0.017
Neurologic
35 ( 21.6 )
6 ( 10.3 )
29 ( 28.2 )
0.012
Respiratory
44 ( 27.2 )
6 ( 10.3 )
38 ( 36.9 )
< 0.001
Renal
73 ( 45.1 )
19 ( 32.8 )
54 ( 52.4 )
0.023
a Medians ( IQR ). b Frequencies (%).
BP : blood pressure , BSA : body surface area , CHD : congenital heart disease , CPB : cardiopulmonary bypass , ECMO : extracorporeal membrane oxygenation , ECPR : extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation , FiO2 : fraction of inspired oxygen , HFOV : high-frequency oscillatory ventilation , h : hours , LOS : length of stay , MV : mechanical ventilation , RRT : renal replacement therapy , VAD : ventricular assist device . Heart failure includes cardiomyopathy , myocarditis , and heart transplant .