Page 56. Forged writings.--Among the documents that at the present time are generally admitted to be forgeries, the Donation of Constantine and the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals are of primary importance. " The ' Donation of Constantine ' is the name traditionally applied, since the later Middle Ages, to a document purporting to have been addressed by Constantine the Great to Pope Sylvester I, which is found first in a Parisian manuscript( Codex lat. 2777) of probably the beginning of the ninth century. Since the eleventh century it has been used as a powerful argument in favor of the papal claims, and consequently since the twelfth it has been the subject of a vigorous controversy. At the same time, by rendering it possible to regard the papacy as a middle term between the original and the medieval Roman Empire, and thus to form a theoretical basis of continuity for the reception of the Roman law in the Middle Ages, it has had no small influence upon secular history."--The New
Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, vol. 3, art. " Donation of constantine," pp. 484, 485. The historical theory developed in the " Donation " is fully discussed in Henry E. Cardinal Manning ' s The Temporal Power of the Vicar of Jesus Christ, London, 1862. The arguments of the " Donation " were of a scholastic type, and the possibility of a forgery was not mentioned until the rise of historical criticism in the fifteenth century. Nicholas of Cusa was among the first to conclude that Constantine never made any such donation. Lorenza Valla in Italy gave a brilliant demonstration of its spuriousness in 1450. See Christopher B. Coleman ' s Treatise of Lorenzo Valla on the Donation of Constantine( New York, 1927). For a century longer, however, the belief in the authenticity of the " Donation " and of the False Decretals was kept alive. For example, Martin Luther at first accepted the decretals, but he soon said to Eck: " I impugn these decretals;" and to Spalatin: " He [ the pope ] does in his decretals corrupt and crucify Christ, that is, the truth."
It is deemed established that the " donation " is( 1) a forgery,( 2) the work of one man or period,( 3) the forger has made use of older documents,( 4) the forgery originated around 752 and 778. As for the Catholics, they abandoned the defense of the authenticity of the document with Baronius, Ecclesiastical Annals, in 1592. Consult for the best text, K. Zeumer, in the Festgabe fur Rudolf von Gneist( Berlin, 1888). Translat- ed in Coleman ' s Treatise, referred to above, and in Ernest F. Henderson, Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages( New York, 1892), p. 319; Briefwechsel( Weimar ed.), pp. 141, 161. See also The New Schaff- Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge( 1950), vol. 3, p. 484; F. Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. 2, p. 329; and Johann Joseph Ignaz von Doellinger, Fables Respecting the Popes of the Middle Ages( London, 1871).
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