A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF SYSTEMIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PERI-IMPLANT DISEASES
Review Article
Mombelli et al. 7 described peri-implantitis as a sitespecific inflammatory condition, which displays clinical and radiographic features that are similar to those in patients with chronic periodontitis. Data regarding the prevalence of peri-implantitis is inconsistent. In the study by Koldsland et al., 8 the prevalence of peri-implantitis ranged between 11.3 % and 47.1 %; whereas Mombelli et al. 9 reported peri-implantitis in 20 % of their study population during 5 to 10 years of followup. In the study by Zitzmann and Berglundh, 6 the frequency of peri-implantitis varied between 28 % and at least 56 % of the participants and 12 % and 43 % of individual implants. Peri-implant diseases are categorized into two types namely, peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Periimplant mucositis is characterized by inflammation of soft tissues around the implant without any signs of peri-implant alveolar bone loss. 6 Patients with peri-implant mucositis exhibit bleeding on probing( BOP), peri-implant probing depth ≥
10, 11
4mm and / or suppuration. A variety of factors, local as well as systemic factors have been associated with the etiology of peri-implantitis. 12-16 It is well known that poor oral hygiene, tobacco smoking, poor bone quality and quantity, jaw location and bruxism are among the most common local factors associated with the etiology of peri-implantitis. Nevertheless, the contribution of systemic factors such as immunosuppression( as observed in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, osteoporosis, poorly-controlled diabetes mellitus and cancer) and use of medications( such as bisphosphonates and corticosteroids) that have also been associated with the etiology of periimplantitis cannot be disregarded( Fig. 1). 17-21 Considering the length of the article, the author dedicated the present article to comprehensively review the systemic risk-factors associated with the etiology of peri-implantitis. The aim of the present comprehensive review was to provide an overview of current literature regarding the systemic conditions associated with the etiology of peri-implantitis.
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Focused question The addressed focused question was“ Which systemic conditions are associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases?” 2.2. Literature search strategy PubMed / Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, ISI Web of knowledge and Google-Scholar databases were searched from till January 2017 using the following key words:“ arthritis”,“ cancer”,“ diabetes mellitus”;“ acquired immune deficiency syndrome”;“ renal disorders”;“ osteoporosis”,“ peri-implant / periimplant” and“ genetics”. Clinical studies assessing the local risk-factors associated with the etiology of peri-implant diseases were included. 2.3. Eligibility criteria Results from only clinical studies were included. Letters to the Editor, historic reviews, case-reports, case-series, in-vitro studies, studies on animal models and commentaries were excluded. The pattern of the present comprehensive review was customized to primarily summarize the pertinent information.
Figure 1. Systemic factors associated with peri-implant diseases.
40 Stoma Edu J. 2017; 4( 1): 39-45. http:// www. stomaeduj. com