achieve communication through an indirect method when breaking maxims . Those maxims can ensure that the conversation interacts in a truthful and relevant manner . Violating one or more of them may produce different effects . Black ( 2006 ) discussed the effectiveness of the co-operative principle in interpreting literary discourse , suggesting that these clashes occur when the narrator ’ s speech is more frequently compared with normal daily conversation . In literary works , the interests of the maxims of manner and relation is an effective way to guide readers to consider the implicatures of these breaches . Black also agrees that the maxim of quantity is a difficult manner to estimate . Since narrators are closer to the world of the story than readers , the conventional method is to trust the narrators ’ judgement . However , in certain unreliable narrative contexts , such as crime fiction , the implicatures generated in the text are only partly available to the reader . This creates a communication of implicatures which is not only between characters but also between narrator and reader . Some types of metonymic discourse may be interpreted through the maxims of the co-operative principle .
Regarding multimodal analysis , Short ( 1981 ) presents a traditional
COMM317 : Media and Human RIghts
25 viewpoint , holding that dramatic criticism should concentrate on texts rather than performance . Since performance is infinitely variable , it may reduce the accuracy of analysis and also cannot count as a part of the reader ’ s interpretation of play texts . With regard to dramatic performance , Culpeper et al . ( 1998 ) state that the script is the foundation and essence of all content , so many productions of plays are merely variations on the same interpretation ; as long as one person has the experience of watching stage plays , analysing the text is sufficient to gain an opulent and sensitive understanding of a play . Although not all elements can be predicted , the appropriate data available for text analysis is gratifying ( Culpeper et al , 1998 ). Conversely , McIntyre ( 2008 ) and Nørgaard et al . ( 2010 ) support the view that the multimodal features included and involved in the text , as well as those added in the performance , should be included in any stylistic analysis of a drama . McIntyre ( 2008 ) points out that some play performances incorporate elements that add numerous contents to the original script , guiding the audience ’ s interpretation of the play . In this case , the stylistic analysis of neglecting these production