In the first category , which addresses legislative initiatives , we have considered those that involve both the State and the regional level . To date , the only formal initiative on the regional level that we have identified comes from the Parliament of Catalonia , which declared itself in favour of making a declaration of reparation for the colonial and slaveholding past . Moreover , it is notable that , on the state level , the Proposals of Non-binding Resolution ( PNL ) related to the Rif issue have been promoted mainly by ERC and other Catalan groups , possibly due to the more significant presence of Amazigh communities in that territory , who have led these demands . In this regard , it is perceived that in Catalonia , and even more so if we include the municipal sphere , there is a greater fragmentation in political approaches to this past . This is attributed both to its particular political context and to the long tradition of anti-racist and anticolonial movements , as mentioned in our previous report .
The third category , which focuses on state legislation around hate crime , does not require an exhaustive geographical analysis , as it is legislation with regional adaptations in all of the country ' s autonomous communities . Although we have not documented specific cases , these databases indicate that the incidents of these crimes between 1992 and 2023 ( 36 murders in total ) are concentrated in the most densely populated areas , such as Madrid , Levante , Catalonia and Andalusia .[ 9 ]
Apart from the legislative categories , the second category , which focuses on demonstrations and acts of protest , shows a more equitable geographical distribution compared to the previous report , although still with a notable bias in favour of densely populated areas such as Madrid , Barcelona , Bilbao and Seville . Demonstrations against October 12th , the 5th centenary and the massacre at the Melilla border crossing have taken place in numerous territories where there are robust social movements , anti-colonial activism and well-organised diasporic communities .
[ 1 ] See : https :// crimenesdeodio . info / ca / map /
19