Radioprotection No 59-4 | Page 72

K . M . Thabayneh and R . J . Shawamreh : Radioprotection 2024 , 59 ( 4 ), 306 – 316 311
Table 2 . Radon- 222 concentration ( C Rn ), Radium contents ( C Ra ), Exhalation rates ( E A and E M ) and the total annual effective dose ( AED tot ) in Jenin Governorate- Palestine .
Site
Sample code
C Rn
( Bq / m 3 )
C Ra
( Bq / kg )
E A
( mBq m �2 h �1 )
E M
( mBq kg �1 h �1 )
Jenin city- north
Jss1
442.7
19.3
415.5
9.8
15.4
Jenin city roundabout
Jss2
116.0
5.1
108.8
2.6
4.1
Salem village- Entrance
Jss3
565.0
24.6
530.4
12.5
19.6
Salem village �middle 1
Jss4
678.0
29.6
637
15
23.5
Salem village �middle 2
Jss5
746.0
32.5
699.7
16.5
25.8
Entrance Ya ’ bad
Jss6
439.4
19.2
412.5
9.7
15.3
Ya ’ bad-Middle of village
Jss7
571.7
24.9
536.6
12.7
19.8
Ya ’ bad- south of the village
Jss8
416.4
18.2
391
9.3
14.5
Qabatiya _ north
Jss9
593.5
25.9
557
13.2
20.6
Qabatiya _ middle of village
Jss10
547.6
24.0
514
12.2
19.0
Zababida-Arab American University
Jss11
280.9
12.3
263.68
6.2
9.75
Zababida-Arab as suweitat 1
Jss12
489.7
21.4
459.6
10.9
17.0
Zababida-Arab as Suweitat 2
Jss13
472.2
20.6
443
10.5
16.4
Entrance Meithalun
Jss14
509.4
22.2
478
11.3
17.7
Meithalun _ North1
Jss15
475.5
20.7
446
10.6
16.5
Meithalun _ North2
Jss16
625.0
27.3
586.9
13.9
21.7
Meithalun _ middle of village
Jss17
722.5
31.5
678.2
16.1
25
Jenin Hadad 1
Jss18
638.3
27.8
599
14.2
22.1
Jenin Hadad 2
Jss19
710.5
31.5
667
15.8
24.7
Min
116.0
5.1
108.8
2.6
4.1
Max
746.0
32.5
699.7
16.5
25.8
Average
528.4
23.1
496.0
11.7
18.3
AED tot
( mSvy �1 )
Table 3 . Radon-222 concentration ( C Rn ), Radium contents ( C Ra ), Exhalation rates ( E A and E M ) and the total annual effective dose ( AED tot ) in Tubas Governorate- Palestine .
Site
Sample Code
C Rn
( Bq / m 3 )
C Ra
( Bq / kg )
E A
( mBq m �2 h �1 )
E M
( mBq kg �1 h �1 )
Tubas- Al ’ Aqaba 1
Uss 1
346.5
15.1
325.2
7.7
12.0
Tubas- Al ’ Aqaba 2
Uss 2
426.3
18.6
400.0
9.5
14.5
Tubas- Gore Zone 1
Uss 3
650.4
28.4
610.5
14.4
22.6
Tubas- Gore Zone 2
Uss 4
638.0
27.8
599.0
14.2
22.1
Min
346.5
15.1
610.5
14.4
12.0
Max
650.4
28.4
325.2
7.7
22.6
Average
515.3
22.5
483.7
11.5
17.8
AED tot
( mSvy �1 ) release from the soil samples , contributing to a better understanding of potential radiation exposure .
In conclusion , the AED tot in these soil samples exhibit variability , ranging from 4.1 mSv / year to 25.8 mSv / year , with an average value of 18.3 mSv / year . The total annual effective dose provides an estimate of the radiation dose that individuals may receive over the course of a year due to exposure to radon- 222 and its decay products present in the soil .
In Table 3 , the measurements of radon-222 concentrations , radium contents , exhalation rates , and total annual effective doses in soil samples collected from diverse sites in the Tubas Governorate , Palestine , are presented . Radon-222 concentrations in the collected samples range from 346.5 Bq / m 3 at the Al ’ Aqaba site to 650.4 Bq / m 3 at the Gore Zone 1 site , with an average value of 515.3 Bq / m 3 . These measurements offer valuable insights into the levels of radon-222 gas , a radioactive substance found in soil that may pose potential health risks . Additionally , the observed radium concentrations in the soil samples range from 15.1 Bq / kg to 28.4 Bq / kg , with an overall average value of 22.5 Bq / kg . Radium , as a naturally occurring radioactive element , can be present in soil and rocks , suggesting the potential for increased radiation exposure .
The surface exhalation rates in the collected samples exhibit a range from 325.2 mBq / m 2 h to 610.5 mBq / m 2 h , with a total average value of 483.67 mBq / m 2 h . This measurement signifies the rate at which radon-222 gas is released from the soil surface into the surrounding atmosphere . Additionally , the mass exhalation rates in the soil samples vary from 7.7 mBq / kg h to 14.4 mBq / kg h , with an average value of 11.45 mBq / kg h . The mass exhalation rate quantifies the rate at which radon-222 gas is released per unit mass of soil , providing valuable information about the potential radon-222 exposure in the environment .