310 K . M . Thabayneh and R . J . Shawamreh : Radioprotection 2024 , 59 ( 4 ), 306 – 316
Table 1 . Radon- 222 concentration ( C Rn ), Radium contents ( C Ra ), Exhalation rates ( E A and E M ) and the total annual effective dose ( AED tot ) in Tulkarm Governorate- Palestine .
Site |
Sample code |
C Rn |
|
|
( Bq / m 3 ) |
C Ra
( Bq / kg )
E A
( mBq m �2 h �1 )
E M
( mBq kg �1 h �1 )
Qaffin |
Tuss 1 |
465.6 |
20.0 |
437.0 |
10.0 |
16.1 |
Baqa asharqiya |
Tuss 2 |
476.6 |
20.8 |
447.0 |
10.6 |
16.5 |
An Nazla |
Tuss 3 |
498.4 |
21.7 |
467.8 |
11.0 |
17.3 |
al-Gharbiya |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Zeita |
Tuss 4 |
701.7 |
30.6 |
658.7 |
15.6 |
24.3 |
Illar |
Tuss 5 |
826.0 |
36.0 |
775.6 |
18.0 |
28.6 |
Attil |
Tuss 6 |
681.0 |
29.7 |
639.0 |
15.0 |
23.6 |
Deir |
Tuss 7 |
542.0 |
23.6 |
508.9 |
12.0 |
18.7 |
al-Ghusun ( 1 ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Deir |
Tuss 8 |
453.6 |
19.8 |
425.8 |
10.0 |
15.7 |
al-Ghusun ( 2 ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Jarushiya |
Tuss 9 |
362.9 |
15.8 |
340.6 |
8.0 |
12.6 |
Shwaika |
Tuss 10 |
281.0 |
12.0 |
263.7 |
6.0 |
9.7 |
Bal " a |
Tuss 11 |
377.0 |
16.0 |
354.0 |
8.0 |
13.1 |
Iktaba |
Tuss 12 |
365.0 |
16.0 |
342.7 |
8.0 |
12.7 |
Tulkarm western region |
Tuss 13 |
524.6 |
22.9 |
492.5 |
11.7 |
18.2 |
Anabta |
Tuss 14 |
618.7 |
27.0 |
580.7 |
13.7 |
21.4 |
Kafr al-Labad |
Tuss 15 |
436.1 |
19.0 |
409.0 |
9.7 |
15.1 |
Irtah ( 1 ) |
Tuss 16 |
474.0 |
20.7 |
445.0 |
10.5 |
16.5 |
Irtah ( 2 ) |
Tuss 17 |
503.9 |
22.0 |
473.0 |
11.0 |
17.5 |
Min |
|
281.0 |
12.0 |
263.7 |
6.0 |
9.7 |
Max |
|
826.0 |
36.0 |
775.6 |
18.0 |
28.6 |
Average |
|
505.2 |
22.0 |
474.2 |
11.2 |
17.5 |
AED tot
( mSvy �1 ) And the total annual effective dose calculated as : � AED tot mSvy �1
¼ AEDin þ AED out : ð9Þ
4 Results
Tables 1- 3 display recorded and computed data concerning radon concentrations , radium contents , exhalation rates , and annual effective doses in various soil samples collected from the northern part of the West Bank in Palestine . These tables provide valuable insights into the radiological characteristics of the examined soil samples .
Table 1 presents the radon-222 concentrations and radium contents in soil samples collected from various sites in the Tulkarm Governorate in Palestine , along with additional information . The radon-222 concentrations exhibited a range from 281.0 Bq / m 3 ( in Shwaika site ) to 826.0 Bq / m 3 ( in Illar site ), with an average value of 505.2 Bq / m 3 . Similarly , the average radium concentrations varied from 12.0 Bq / kg to 36.0 Bq / kg , resulting in an overall average value of 22.0 Bq / kg . Additionally , Table 1 provides data on the surface and mass exhalation rates of radon-222 for the soil samples . The surface exhalation rate showed a range from 263.7 mBq m �2 h �1 to 775.6 mBq m �2 h �1 , with an average value of 474.2 mBq m �2 h �1 . The mass exhalation rate was found to fluctuate from 6.0 mBq kg �1 h �1 to 18 mBq kg �1 h �1 , with an average value of 11.2 mBq kg �1 h �1 .
Moreover , the total annual effective dose ( AED tot ) derived from these soil samples ranged from 9.7 mSvy �1 to 28.6 mSvy �1 , with an average value of 17.5 mSvy �1 . These findings offer valuable insights into the levels of radon-222 and radium observed in the soil samples collected from various locations within the Tulkarm Governorate .
In Table 2 , the data presents measurements of radon-222 concentrations , radium contents , exhalation rates , and total annual effective doses in soil samples collected from various locations in the Jenin Governorate , Palestine . The radon-222 concentrations in the collected samples exhibit a range from 116.0 Bq / m 3 at the Jenin city roundabout site to 746.0 Bq / m 3 at the Salem village site ( middle 2 ), with an average value of 528.4 Bq / m 3 . These measurements provide insight into the levels of radon-222 gases , a radioactive gas that can be present in soil , potentially posing health risks . Furthermore , the radium concentrations observed in the soil samples range from 5.1 Bq / kg to 32.5 Bq / kg , with an overall average value of 23.1 Bq / kg . Radium , a naturally occurring radioactive element found in soil and rocks , indicates the potential for increased radiation exposure .
The surface exhalation rates in the collected samples exhibit variability , ranging between 108.8 mBq m �2 h 1 and 699.7 mBq m 2 h 1 , with an average value of 496.0 mBq m 2 h 1 . This measurement indicates the rate at which radon-222 gas is released from the soil surface into the atmosphere . Additionally , the mass exhalation rates range from 2.6 mBq kg 1 h 1 to 16.5 mBq kg 1 h 1 , with an average value of 11.73 mBq kg 1 h 1 . These findings provide insights into the dynamics of radon-222