136 M . Keshtkar : Radioprotection 2024 , 59 ( 2 ), 131 – 137
was zero for the esophagus and breast in children aged between 0 and 15 years , and thyroid have highest risk value .
Our study , as depicted in Figure 2 , revealed a decreasing trend in cancer risk with increasing age , which is in line with Tahmasebzadeh et al . ( 2021 ) study . However , this trend is not in agreement with the findings of Karim et al . ( 2021 ). This difference may be attributed to the use of different reports for estimating cancer risk in the two studies .
Moreover , the cancer incidence risks per 100,000 individuals in this study were higher than those reported by Karim et al . ( 2021 ). However , the SSDE values in their study were higher than those in this study . This may be related to the fact that the BEIR VII report used in this study for estimating cancer risk represents a conservative approach to estimating radiation risks .
The cancer risks associated with the CD-CT protocol are significantly lower than those of the RC-CT protocol , suggesting that the use of CD-CT protocol may be a safer and more effective option for reducing radiation exposure in pediatric patients undergoing CT imaging .
According to the provided CT scan parameters and results , it can be proposed to optimize the radiation dose by reducing the tube current-time product . One limitation of this study is presenting radiation dose results without providing image quality parameters , which should be addressed in future studies .
5 Conclusion
The study found that the CD-CT protocol resulted in lower cancer risks and organ doses . It can be concluded that the choice of CT protocol can significantly impact the radiation dose received by pediatric patients during CT imaging , highlighting the importance of carefully selecting the appropriate protocol to minimize radiation exposure . Overall , the findings suggest that the use of pediatric-specific imaging protocols such as CD-CT protocol and dose reduction techniques , can be a more favorable option for reducing radiation exposure in pediatric patients undergoing CT imaging .
Acknowledgements
The author of this research would like to express his appreciation to the medical imaging Unit of Allameh Bohlool Gonabadi Hospital .
Funding
The Gonabad university of medical sciences provided funding for this project ( grant number : 1293 ).
Conflicts of Interest There is no conflict of interest .
Data availability statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author .
Ethics approval
The study received ethical approval from ethics committee of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences .
Informed consent Informed consent was not deemed necessary for this study .
References Adeyinka A , Bailey K , Pierre L , Kondamudi N . 2021 . COVID 19 infection : pediatric perspectives . J Am College Emerg Phys Open 2 ( 1 ): e12375 .
Admontree S , Junsorn S , Tathip R , Todsatidpaisan S , Buachan P , Asavaphatiboon S . 2019 . Evaluation of Size-Specific Dose Estimates ( SSDE ) in paediatric body imaging using 320-detector CT . Naresuan Univ J : Sci Technol 27 ( 2 ): 28 – 35 .
Alkhorayef M . 2018 . Radiation risk from chest , abdomen and pelvis computed tomography investigations . J Radioanal Nucl Chem 318 ( 1 ): 661 – 665 .
Bagherzadeh S , Jabbari N , Khalkhali HR . 2021 . Radiation dose and cancer risks from radiation exposure during abdominopelvic computed tomography ( CT ) scans : comparison of diagnostic and radiotherapy treatment planning CT scans . Radiat Environ Biophys 60 : 579 – 589 .
Berrington de Gonzalez A , Pasqual E , Veiga L . 2021 . Epidemiological studies of CT scans and cancer risk : the state of the science . Br J Radiol 94 : 20210471 .
Biagas KV , Gross ER , Muratore CS . 2019 . Evaluation of the pediatric trauma patient : support for judicious use of CT imaging . Pediatric Crit Care Med 20 ( 6 ): 579 – 580 . Council NR . 2006 . Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation : BEIR VII phase 2 .
Franck C , Vandevoorde C , Goethals I , Smeets P , Achten E , Verstraete K , et al . 2016 . The role of Size-Specific Dose Estimate ( SSDE ) in patient-specific organ dose and cancer risk estimation in paediatric chest and abdominopelvic CT examinations . Eur Radiol 26 : 2646 – 2655 .
Galanski M , Nagel H , Stamm G . 2005 . Paediatric CT exposure practice in the Federal Republic of Germany . Results of a nationwide survey in , 6 : 2006 .
Gao Y , Quinn B , Pandit-Taskar N , Behr G , Mahmood U , Long D , et al . 2018 . Patient-specific organ and effective dose estimates in pediatric oncology computed tomography . Phys Med 45 : 146 – 155 .
Garg M , Prabhakar N , Bhalla AS . 2021 . Cancer risk of CT scan in COVID-19 : resolving the dilemma . Indian J Med Res 153 ( 5-6 ): 568 .
Giansante L , Martins JC , Nersissian DY , Kiers KC , Kay FU , Sawamura MV , et al . 2019 . Organ doses evaluation for chest computed tomography procedures with TL dosimeters : comparison with Monte Carlo simulations . J Appl Clin Med Phys 20 ( 1 ): 308 – 320 .
Hennon TR , Penque MD , Abdul-Aziz R , Alibrahim OS , McGreevy MB , Prout AJ , et al . 2020 . COVID-19 associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children ( MIS-C ) guidelines ; a Western New York approach ( Vol . 57 , pp . 101232 ): Elsevier .
Hong J-Y ., Han K , Jung J-H ., Kim JS . 2019 . Association of exposure to diagnostic low-dose ionizing radiation with risk of cancer among youths in South Korea . JAMA Network Open 2 ( 9 ): e1910584 – e1910584 .
Howard-Jones AR , Bowen AC , Danchin M , Koirala A , Sharma K , Yeoh DK , et al . 2022 . COVID-19 in children : I . Epidemiology , prevention and indirect impacts . J Paediatr Child Health 58 : 39 – 45 .
Hussain S , Mubeen I , Ullah N , Shah SSUD , Khan BA , Zahoor M , Sultan MA . 2022 . Modern diagnostic imaging technique applications and risk factors in the medical field : A review . BioMed Research International .