L . Canet et al .: Radioprotection 2024 , 59 ( 2 ), 69 – 79 77
waste generation , remediation efforts are linked with high costs and are expected to reach more than 5 trillion yen ( Yasutaka et al ., 2016 ) in Fukushima . Recent efforts have also focused on supporting local businesses , mitigating the impact on production ( Schneider et al ., 2021 ), and planning for future land usage and the development of a new economy . ( Schreurs , 2021 ). Management of recovery from a nuclear accident can be accompanied by a clear definition of the future land usage , industry , and economic landscape . However , these topics are briefly mentioned in the guidelines or lack clear guidance .
5 Conclusion
The qualitative and quantitative studies have revealed the main concerns and actions to be taken during the remediation phase following a nuclear accident . Three major points emerge : protection of the population and its well-being , involvement of the population in the decision-making process , and management of radioactive waste generated as a result of the accident and decontamination efforts . However , impacts , particularly environmental resulting from remediation efforts ( release of wastewater , displacement of large volumes of soil ) and economic impacts ( compensation , relocation , closed businesses ), are part of a sustainable remediation process . These aspects are less frequently mentioned in the guidelines , or even absent in some cases .
It was clear that there were specificities in each guideline . However , common subjects such as health or waste management were covered extensively throughout the guidelines . To further incorporate sustainability into the recovery process , explicitly addressing economic aspects and providing clear guidance for non-human biota and ecosystem protection is important . These aspects would contribute to more effective guidelines for a sustainable nuclear accident response and recovery and help for the development of guidance for a sustainable remediation approach , taking into account holistically environmental / radiological aspects , economic aspects , social aspect .
The quantitative analysis allowed us to notice similarities between guidelines , but also specific aspects ‘ more ’ or ‘ less ’ mentioned in those guidelines . It is also a tool that enables us to corroborate the qualitative analysis in a positive manner , and limits subjective interpretation . The visualization permits quick and easy characterization of the subject and emphasizes of guidelines . The dual analysis allows for a comprehensive view of post-accidental management and of specificities in each country or organization . It also highlights differences in regulatory structures , raising the question of the best way to produce these recommendations .
Acknowledgements
This research was performed by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund ( JPMEERF22S20930 ) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency provided by the Ministry of the Environment of Japan . The funders had no role in study design , data collection , and analysis , decision to publish , or manuscript preparation .
We would like to thank Yumiko Kanai and Shinko Fujii for advising this research and Editage ( www . editage . com ) for English language editing .
Funding
This research was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund ( JPMEERF22S20930 ) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency provided by the Ministry of the Environment of Japan . The funders had no role in study design , data collection , and analysis , decision to publish , or manuscript preparation .
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest .
Data availability statement
All data used are already listed in the reference list of the manuscript .
Author contribution statement
L . Carnet : Methodology , Writing original draft , Visualization , Investigation . T . Yasutaka : Conceptualization , Writing-Reviewing and Editing . M . Takada : Methodology and Writing-Reviewing and Editing .
Ethics approval Ethical approval was not required .
Informed consent
This article does not contain any studies involving human subjects .
Supplementary Material
Table S1 : Characteristics of each guideline considered . Table S2 : Top100 words and their frequency in the guideline corpus .
The Supplementary Material is available at https :// www . radio pro-journal . org / 10.1051 / radiopro / 2023043 / olm .
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