76 L . Canet et al .: Radioprotection 2024 , 59 ( 2 ), 69 – 79 Fig . 4 . Co-occurrence network analysis : a ) Euclid-top30 guidelines and subthemes b ) Euclid-top20 Phase and subthemes . The degree indicates the number of connections . The bubble size represents the frequency of words .
as evacuation , job loss , and family related issues , which have been identified as the main causes of death related to the Fukushima disaster ( Hasegawa et al ., 2016 ). The objective was to support and accompany distressed populations and provide them with access to living and working conditions . The wellbeing of the affected population , especially following traumatic events , evacuation , and relocation , is highlighted as being a determining factor in health and illness recovery ( Bromet et al ., 2016 ). This process involves implementing zonal relocation and rehabilitating local structures ( e . g ., schools and transportation ) in areas where radiation exposure risks are below reference levels . In such cases , remediation efforts continue from the early and transition phases , following the optimization principle which aims to reduce exposure to the population as much as reasonably achievable . Additionally , the guidelines prioritized radiological protection principles and procedural fairness as the core of recovery . It has become important to enhance community involvement ( Geysmans et al ., 2020 ), explore methods ( IAEA , 2021 ), and review past experiences and difficulties linked to stakeholder involvement ( Perko et al ., 2020 , Montero et al ., 2020 ). Therefore , Stakeholder involvement should be integrated into every step of the decision-making process and throughout the emergency , mostly during preparedness and recovery . Clear cooperation and dialogue ( Yasutaka , 2020 ) between experts , local stakeholders , and authorities as a co-expertise process is needed to rebuild ( Lochard et al ., 2020 ) social trust . The guidelines clearly reflect the radiological protection society ’ s commitment to responsibility and transparency to foster public understanding and acceptance of nuclear activities , and to ensure procedural fairness . The ‘ Life ’ aspect of nuclear management and recovery is a common topic addressed in depth in all guidelines .
4.2 . Environment
Waste management and remediation were the central aspects addressed in all guidelines . It is a substantial part of the recovery process and remediation efforts because of its impact on territory , economy , environment , and health . A significant amount of radioactive waste is expected to be generated during nuclear accidents and the subsequent remediation efforts . The amount of waste generated following the Fukushima disaster was expected to be approximately 14 million m 3 ( MOE ), exemplifying the magnitude of this challenge . Effective remediation of such waste and residual contaminated materials is one of the most essential components for enabling populations and the environment to return to a new normal . National and international preparations for such events are mandatory , and will contribute to lowering the exposure and cost of remediation . All the guidelines agree on the necessity of preparing storage and transportation arrangements for such waste , understanding the associated timescales , and involving and informing the population . Comprehensive planning and implementation of waste remediation strategies are at the core of the guidelines for the long-term recovery and restoration of affected areas , alongside the protection of human health .
Important aspects of recovery are the characterization of the environment , monitoring soil contamination , and air dose rate . The aim is to enable the population to resume food production and to be able to hunt , fish , and forage for wild berries or mushrooms ( Yagi , 2019 ; Takada et al ., 2020 ). However , nonhuman biota , landscape , and ecosystem protection following a nuclear accident or remediation actions are either mentioned briefly or not addressed at all by the guidelines .
4.3
. Economy
Overall , the economic aspects of recovery were mentioned less frequently in the guidelines . This can be attributed to the prioritization of health protection , regardless of the cost . However , optimized preparation of the cost for remediation and planning of the future economic landscape of the affected territory play an important role in achieving sustainable and efficient recovery . The cost of remediation for the Fukushima disaster ( JCER , 2019 ) highlights the importance of this aspect , sufficiently considering the economic aspects , remedial costs , and compensation in preparation for recovery . Along with