6 . The preserved inscription of the social action “ I miss you , Jew ” by Rafał Betlejewski on the side wall of the Schutz and Parzyński mill at ul . Brzeska 8 in Warsaw . June 6 , 2015 . Adrian Grycuk ( Wikimedia Commons )
memorial appeasement . One such example is the outdoor installation of a public bench with a kippah and the inscription “ I miss you , Jew ” by Rafal Betlejewski . On the other hand , and rather with the effect of aggravating Polish-Ukrainian relations , in Radzymin , the memorial reconstructions enjoy staging naturalistic pictures of Ukrainian massacres of Poles in the Volhynia region .
In Spain , a war surrounding memory is raging . The Pacts of Moncloa on the principle of amnesty / amnesia cracked when the PSOE ’ s new generation of socialists took over . In the years around the turn of the 20 th and 21 st centuries , memory laws revisited the past of Franco ’ s crimes , and unpunished and forgotten assassinations . The archaeology of mass murders developed under the impetus of archaeological excavations on the mass grave in Srebrenica . In Spain , this was accompanied by collective actions called memory caravans , which sought to identify mass graves containing Republican victims .
What happened during this period for memorial studies ?
This period is dominated by several conceptions that shed light on the processes of collective memory formation , which cannot be described in detail here due to space limitations . France witnessed the revival of Maurice Halbwachs ’ paradigm , explaining the formation of collective memory among social groups and classes , while Pierre Nora ’ s paradigm has spread almost worldwide , and Paul Ricœur ’ s paradigm explores the psychological mysteries of memory processes . The duty to remember and the uses and abuses of memory ( Tzvetan Todorov ) are discussed . Normative judgements are made about good and bad memory work . Elsewhere , the work of Aleida Assmann and Jeffrey Olick , to name but a few , is also flourishing , focusing on the explanation of the processes of memory collection or the effects of the transition from individual “ communicative ” memory to what Aleida Assmann calls “ cultural memory ”.
EUROPE INSIGHT
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