HOOTH LOSS AND RISK FACTORS AMONG ELDERLY VIETNAMESE
known fact that tobacco smoking can increase the risk for periodontitis. Substances in tobacco might facilitate the accumulation of bacteria and lead to the destruction of tooth-supporting tissue 22. Our study indicated that the odds ratio for smokers losing > 6 teeth was 2.8 as compared to non-smokers. These results are similar to those of studies in Japan and China 23, 8. Reports about the relationship between alcohol consumption and tooth loss have been focused on dose-related effects. Some studies have shown that drinking causes periodontitis, with the latter considered a risk factor for tooth loss 7, 24. However, alcohol consumption was not considered as indicator for losing > 6 teeth in the current study. The similar findings were also reported by Yoshioka et al. 23, and Eustaquio-Raga et al. 25 The shortcomings of our study were that the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption were not accurately measured, and the reason for tooth loss( due to dental caries or periodontal disease) could not be exactly determined. A further study is required to investigate the impact of tooth loss on the function of the stomatognathic system in the elderly persons.
5. Conclusions The data obtained allowed us to conclude that there were high prevalence and a high number of teeth lost among elderly Vietnamese. Smoking behaviour and time in education were significantly related to maintaining teeth of the elderly community population. The data serve setting up an oral health intervention programme for the older Vietnamese.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by an Estonian Science Foundation grant( No. 9255), IUT20 – 46 grant from the Estonian Research Council and the DoRa Doctoral Studies and Internationalisation Programme. The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this study.
REFERENCES
1. Petersen PE, Kandelman D, Arpin S, Ogawa H. Global oral health of older people--call for public health action. Community Dent Health. 2010; 27( 4): 257-267. 2. Dietrich T, Jimenez M, Krall Kaye EA, Vokonas PS, Garcia RI. Age-dependent associations between chronic periodontitis / edentulism and risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2008; 117( 13): 1668-1674. 3. Ikebe K, Matsuda K, Kagawa R, Enoki K, Okada T, Yoshida M, et al. Masticatory performance in older subjects with varying degrees of tooth loss. J Dent. 2012; 40( 1): 71-76. 4. Giusti L, Salmon ES, White R. Impact of Attitudes and Behaviors on Tooth Loss. Stoma Edu J. 2014; 1( 2): 123-130. 5. Jiang Y, Okoro CA, Oh J, Fuller DL. Sociodemographic and health-related risk factors associated with tooth loss among adults in Rhode Island. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013; 10:1-12. 6. Wang MQ, Xue F, He JJ, Chen JH, Chen CS, Raustia A. Missing posterior teeth and risk of temporomandibular disorders. J Dent Res. 2009; 88( 10): 942-945. 7. Kim HS, Son JH, Yi HY, Hong HK, Suh HJ, Bae KH. Association between harmful alcohol use and periodontal status according to gender and smoking. BMC Oral Health. 2014; 14:1-6. 8. Liu L, Zhang Y, Wu W, Cheng M, Li Y, Cheng R. Prevalence and correlates of dental caries in an elderly population in northeast China. PloS One. 2013; 8( 11): 1-6. 9. Musacchio E, Perissinotto E, Binotto P, Sartori L, Silva-Netto F, Zambon S, Manzato E, Corti MC, Baggio G, Crepaldi G. Tooth loss in the elderly and its association with nutritional status, socio-economic and lifestyle factors. Acta Odontol Scand. 2007; 65( 2): 78-86. 10. Morse DE, Avlund K, Christensen LB, Fiehn NE, Molbo D, Holmstrup P, Kongstad J, Mortensen EL, Holm-Pedersen P. Smoking and drinking as risk indicators for tooth loss in middleaged Danes. J Aging Health. 2014; 26( 1): 54-71. 11. Nguyen TC, Witter DJ, Bronkhorst EM, Truong NB, Creugers NH. Oral health status of adults in Southern Vietnam- a cross-sectional epidemiological study. BMC Oral Health. 2010; 10:1-11. 12. Parkinson CF. Similarities in resorption patterns of maxillary and mandibular ridges. J Prosthet Dent. 1978; 39( 6): 598-602 13. Slade GD, Spencer AJ, Roberts-Thomson KF. Australia’ s dental generations, The National Survey of Adult Oral Health 2004-2006. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and
Welfare; 2007. 14. Doğan BG, Gökalp S. Tooth loss and edentulism in the Turkish elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012; 54( 2): 162-166. 15. Moreira Rda S, Nico LS, Tomita NE. Oral health conditions among the elderly in Southeastern São Paulo State. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009; 17( 3): 170-178. 16. Mersel A. Prevention for the elderly patients. Stoma Edu J. 2014; 1( 1): 10. 17. Yiengprugsawan V, Somkotra T, Seubsman S, Sleigh AC; Thai Cohort Study Team. Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among a large national cohort of 87,134 Thai adults. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2011; 9:1-8. 18. Khazaei S, Keshteli AH, Feizi A, Savabi O, Adibi P. Epidemiology and risk factors of tooth loss among Iranian adults: findings from a large community-based study. Biomed Res Int. 2013; 2013:1-8. 19. Klein BE, Klein R, Knudtson MD. Life-style correlates of tooth loss in an adult Midwestern population. J Public Health Dent. 2004; 64( 3): 145-150. 20. Susin C, Oppermann RV, Haugejorden O, Albandar JM. Tooth loss and associated risk indicators in an adult urban population from south Brazil. Acta Odontol Scand. 2005; 63( 2): 85-93. 21. Leggett A, Zarit SH, Hoang CN, Nguyen HT. Correlates of cognitive impairment in older Vietnamese. Aging Ment Health. 2013; 17( 8): 915-923. 22. Hanioka T, Ojima M, Tanaka K, Matsuo K, Sato F, Tanaka H. Causal assessment of smoking and tooth loss: a systematic review of observational studies. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11:1-10. 23. Yoshioka M, Hinode D, Yokoyama M, Fujiwara A, Sakaida Y, Toyoshima K. Relationship between subjective oral health status and lifestyle in elderly people: a cross-sectional study in Japan. ISRN Dent. 2013; 2013:1-6. 24. Okamoto Y, Tsuboi S, Suzuki S, Nakagaki H, Ogura Y, Maeda K, Tokudome S. Effects of smoking and drinking habits on the incidence of periodontal disease and tooth loss among Japanese males: a 4-yr longitudinal study. J Periodontal Res. 2006; 41( 6): 560-566. 25. Eustaquio-Raga MV, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM. Factors associated with edentulousness in an elderly population in Valencia( Spain). Gac Sanit. 2013; 27( 2): 123-127.
182 STOMA. EDUJ( 2016) 3( 2)