Medidas de Gestao das Pescarias Marinhas e Aquicultura 2019 The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 | Page 150

PART 3 HIGHLIGHTS OF ONGOING STUDIES
Adaptation concepts and tools
improve risk reduction (prevention and
preparedness) strategies and enhance response
to shocks.
The Paris Agreement (UN, 2015) is the first
climate agreement that puts adaptation on the
same footing as mitigation within the overall
context of food production (Article 2). The Paris
Agreement also establishes, for the first time, a
global goal on adaptation: “enhancing adaptive
capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing
vulnerability to climate change” (Article 7).
Resilience is defined as “the capacity of social,
economic and environmental systems to cope with
a hazardous event or trend or disturbance”, and
vulnerability as “the propensity or predisposition
to be adversely affected” (IPCC, 2014).
In adaptation planning it is necessary to consider
when and how to adapt, trade-offs between the
present and the future and the risks and returns
of adaptive investments. Increased and uncertain
impacts will also require increased monitoring
and reporting. The Fifth Assessment Report of
IPCC (2014) recognizes iterative risk management
as a useful framework for decision-making
(Figure 40); this involves assessment of the widest
possible range of impacts to understand the
benefits and trade-offs of alternative actions,
combined with an evaluation and learning
process to improve future adaptation.
IPCC (2014) defines adaptation as “the process of
adjustment to actual or expected climate and its
effects”. The development field prefers the term
“climate resilience”, to emphasize the strong link
between adaptation and development. In fisheries
and aquaculture, actions for adaptation (or
climate resilience) are taken in the private
(fishers, fish farmers, their communities) and
public (local and/or national authorities, regional
fisher y bodies) sectors, in domestic and/or
regional settings for different t ypes of impact and
fishing t ypolog y (small-, medium- and large-
scale fishing and fish farming).
While fishers, fish farmers and fish workers are
accustomed to climate variability, they require
adequate adaptive capacity to deal with long-term
as well as sudden or unpredictable change (Box 17).
Low-income countries and low-income population
groups, in particular, often lack the institutional,
financial and technological capacity to adapt
effectively. The Paris Agreement thus urges a
significant increase in financial assistance for
adaptation in developing countries.
Guiding countries on the integration of
fisheries and aquaculture in National
Adaptation Plans
Adaptation inter ventions may be designed to
target three areas (Table 21), or a combination of
these:
„ „ Institutions and management: Inter ventions, mainly
on the part of public bodies, address
governance mechanisms, legal, reg ulator y,
policy and management frameworks and public
investments and incentives; they will include
the planning, development and management of
fisheries and aquaculture in a manner that
addresses the dynamic nature of natural
systems and societal needs in the face of
climate change, following EA F/EA A principles.
„ „ Livelihood adaptation: Inter ventions, mostly in the
private sector, include a mix of public and
private activities, within or among sectors,
most commonly through diversification
strategies within or outside the sector to
reduce v ulnerabilit y.
„ „ Resilience and risk reduction: Inter ventions include a
mix of public and private activities to promote
early warning and information systems,
National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) are
mechanisms to enhance medium- to long-
term climate change adaptation planning
formally established at the sixteenth
Conference of the Parties to UNFCCC
(COP 16) in 2010. In support of the NAP
process, the Least Developed Countries Expert
Group of UNFCCC (LEG, 2012) issued
technical g uidelines to provide advice for
national planning processes, identif ying and
addressing capacit y gaps, preparing national
adaptation plans and establishing a
monitoring and evaluation system. These
g uidelines are not specific to any sector, and
agencies and partners were invited to submit
sector-specific supplements to them. FAO has
developed a set of supplementar y g uidelines
for all agricultural sectors (crops, livestock, »
| 134 |