MANAGEMENT OF NORM IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY Akpojevwa Tega Naomi, october 2016 | Page 14

1.2
Origin of Norm
Figure 1.1 Origin of NORM Contamination in Oil and Gas Exploitation.
1.2.1 Radiation Emitted by NORM
There are three types of radiation of interest that are emitted in various amounts
by NORM: (OGP, 2011)
• Alpha (α) particles: α-particles are a type of ionizing radiation ejected by the
nuclei of some unstable atoms. They are large subatomic fragments consisting
of two protons and two neutrons identical to a helium nucleus stripped from its
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