� ethnic and cultural difference; and � extension, marketing and promotion programs.
Finally, demographic and situational variables are important. These include: � financial capacity to adopt; � off farm income( financial and time-based ability to adopt); � property size; � age( especially when there are long time lags between investment and payoff); � education levels; and
� reason for holding land( agricultural production or lifestyle) Figure B1 summarises the influences of adoption of conservation practices as per the literature.
Pannell et al.( 2011) suggest that relative advantage and profit have strong implications for adoption of conservation practices. The lower the profitability of a conservation practice, the higher the conservation goals of the farmer need to be to adopt the practice. Other factors that impact on the relative advantage of conservation practices include:
� high establishment costs; � long time scales to see benefit; � riskiness; � complexity; and � spill overs.
Rolfe and Gregg( 2015) summarise Pannell et al.( 2006) reasons for non-adoption of conservation practices to be due to:
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� landholders not having relevant information about the problem or opportunity( which can be solved with extension, research, development and training programs);
landholders have the relevant information but there is no benefit for them to adopt( which can be resolved using either regulation, grants and competitive tenders for one off change or payments can be made for ongoing change); and
there is risk and uncertainty associated with making the change( this can be managed with the clarification of property rights, designing programs which allow landholders to trial different practices coupled with extension and incentive mechanisms that address the barriers to adoption).
Landholders driving change: Exploring new incentives | 71