iv
CONTENTS
Neural Plasticity & Regeneraron 187 Summary of Key Points 190 Assess Your Knowledge 191
10 Muscle Tissue 193 Skeletal Muscle 193 Cardiac Muscle 206 Smooth Muscle 208 Regeneraron of Muscle Tissue 213 Summary of Key Points 213 Assess Your Knowledge 214
11 The Circulatory System 215
Heart 215 Tissues ofthe Vascular Wall 219 Vasculature 220 Lymphatic Vascular System 232 Summary of Key Points 235 Assess Your Knowledge 235
12 Blood 237
Composition of Plasma 237 Blood Cells 239 Summaryof Key Points 252 Assess Your Knowledge 252
13 Hemopoiesis 254
Stem Cells, Growth Factors, & Differentiation 254 Bone Marrow 255 Maturation of Erythrocytes 258 Maturation of Granulocytes 260 Maturation of Agranulocytes 263 Origin of Platelets 263 Summary of Key Points 265 Assess Your Knowledge 265
14 The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs 267
Innate & Adaptive Immunity 267 Cytokines 269 Antigens & Antibodies 269 Antigen Presentation 271 Cells of Adaptive Immunity 273 Thymus 276 Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue 281 Lymph Nodes 282 Spleen 286 Summaryof Key Points 293 Assess Your Knowledge 294
15 Digestive Tract 295
General Structure of the Digestive Tract 295 Oral Cavity 298 Esophagus 305 Stomach 307 Small Intestine 314 Large Intestine 320 Summary of Key Points 326 Assess Your Knowledge 328
16 Organs Associated with the Digestive Tract 329
Salivary Glands 329 Páncreas 332 Liver 335 Biliary Tract & Gallbladder 345 Summary of Key Points 346 Assess Your Knowledge 348
17 The Respiratory System 349
Nasal Cavities 349 Pharynx 352 Larynx 352 Trachea 354 BronchialTree & Lung 355 Lung Vasculature & Nerves 367 Pleural Membranes 368 Respiratory Movements 369 Summary of Key Points 369 Assess Your Knowledge 370
18 Skin 371
Epidermis 372 Dermis 380 Subcutaneous Tissue 381 Sensory Receptors 382 Hair 383 Nails 384 Skin Glands 385 Skin Repair 388 Summary of Key Points 391 Assess Your Knowledge 392
19 The Urinary System 393
Kidneys 393 Blood Circulation 394 Renal Function: Filtration, Secretion,
& Reabsorption 395 Ureters, Bladder, & Urethra 407