631
Table III. Cont
Study
(Authors,
Participants (sample
years, design, size, population, sex,
country)
age)
Diagnostic criteria
Prevalence/
incidence Reported as significant risk
factor(s)
Reported statistics
Male: 6.6% prevalence Age
Roquelaure et
al. (44) n=3,710 Physical examination:
2011 Working population Male=2,161;
Female=1,549 Intermittent pain in shoulder
Female: 8.5%
region, worsened by active
prevalence
elevation movement, currently or
for ≥4 days during the preceding
7 days
Cross-sectional
France
Mean age, years=
38.7±10.3
Silverstein et al. n=733
(45)
Healthcare and
2009
manufacturing workers
Cross-sectional Male=383; Female=350
USA Mean age, years:
Male=41.7±10.0
Female=37.4±11.4
≥1 positive tests of resisted
shoulder abduction, external or
internal rotation; resisted elbow
flexion; painful arc
Physical examination:
Shoulder pain in the last seven
days; occurring more than 3
times or lasting more than 1
week in previous 12 months
Positive tests of resisted shoulder
abduction, external rotation,
internal rotation or painful arc
Diabetes mellitus
High repetitiveness of the task
(≥4 h/day)
High perceived work load
Sustained or repeated arm
abduction (≥2 h/day)
High psychological demand
Low decision authority
Male: n=30 (7.8%
prevalence)
Female: n=25 (7.1%
prevalence)
Work organization: rotation
Frequency of forceful exertions
≥5 vs <1 times/minute
Duty cycle of forceful exertions
≥3–14 vs <3% time
Pinch grip force
Lifting force
Upper arm extension ≥5° or
flexion ≥45°
Upper arm flexion ≥45° and
pinch grip force
Silverstein et al. Cases: n=733
(46)
Healthcare and
2008
manufacturing workers
Cross-sectional Male=383; Female=350
USA Mean age,
years=39.5±11.0
Physical examination:
Male: OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.05–1.09;
Female: OR 1.08, 95 % CI 1.06–1.10
Female: OR 2.9, 95 % CI 1.0–8.6
Male: OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0–2.4;
Female: OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.5
Male: OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3–3.1
>90° in male: OR 2.3, 95% CI
1.3–3.9, p=0.002; >60° in female:
OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.8–7.3, p<0.001
Male: OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.5
Female: OR 6.68, 95% CI 1.81–24.66
Female: OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.05–5.51
Physical load:
Upper arm flexion ≥45°
Risk factors for rotator cuff tendinopathy
Female: OR 3.35, 95% CI 1.19–9.42
Female: OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.06–9.44;
Male: OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.09–9.17
Female: OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.32–7.01
Female: OR 3.76, 95% 1.46–9.68
Female: OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.27–7.68
Female: OR 6.16, 95% CI 1.76–21.57
Female: OR 7.06, 95% CI 1.94–25.66
Female: OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.16–6.88
Vibration and pinch grip force
n=75 (7.5% prevalence) Physical load:
Shoulder pain in the last seven
days; occurring more than 3
times or lasting more than 1
week in previous 12 months Frequency of forceful exertions
≥5 vs <1 OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.01–4.07
OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.22–3.83
Positive tests of resisted shoulder
abduction, external rotation,
internal rotation or painful arc Duty cycle of forceful exertions
≥3–14 vs <3% time Upper arm flexion ≥45°
Upper arm flexion ≥45° and
duty cycle of forceful exertion
OR 3.27, 95% CI 1.52–7.02
OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.12–6.01
OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.32–5.73
OR 2.21, 95% 1.09–4.49
Upper arm flexion ≥45° and
pinch grip force OR 2.41, 95% CI 1.18–4.94
Upper arm extension ≥5° or
flexion ≥45° and pinch grip
force OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.09–3.61
Upper arm flexion or abduction
≥45° and duty cycle of forceful
exertion
Work organization:
Stenlund et al.
(47)
n=207 Physical examination:
1993 Construction industry
workers Cross-sectional Sex not reported Sweden Mean age, years: Pronounced palpable pain of
the muscle attachment or
pronounced pain reaction to
isometric contraction in any of
the four rotator cuff muscles
Rock-blasters: Left:
n=18 (32.7 %
prevalence; Right: n=22
(40.0% prevalence
Left: n=6 (11.1%
prevalence); Right: n=8
(14.8% prevalence)
Foremen=45.8±10.2 Foremen:
Sutinen et al.
(48) 2006 n=52 Physical examination: Left: n=8 (8.2%
prevalence); Right:
n=17 (17.1%
prevalence)
Right: 19% prevalence
Cross-sectional Forestry workers All male History of painful arch and
intermittent pain
Finland
Svendsen et al.
(49)
2004
Cross-sectional
Denmark
Age not reported
n=1,886 Machinists (n=529), Car
mechanics (n=599),
house painters (n=758) ≥1 positive tests of resisted
shoulder abduction, Jobe’s test,
painful arc
All male ≥1 positive tests of Hawkin’s
test, abduction internal rotation
test
Machinists: 46.3±9.8
Lifelong vibration work OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00–1.07
Age: 60–70 OR 3.92, 95% CI 1.05–5.42
Upper arm elevation >90° for
6–9% of working hours OR 4.7, 95% CI 2.07–10.68
Left: 14% prevalence
Tenderness to palpation in the
shoulder region
≥1 positive tests of resisted
shoulder abduction or external
rotation; painful arc
Physical examination:
Mean age, years:
Left side: OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.10–3.07;
Right: OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.06–2.61
Bricklayers:
Bricklayers=50.2±11.4
Rock-blasters=51.8±11.6
Low job control/ decision
authority
Vibration
Machinists: 2%
prevalence
Car mechanics: 1.4%
prevalence
House painters: 4.4%
prevalence
High job demand
OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.62–6.31
Car mechanics: 45.0±8.4
House painters: 48.4±9.2
J Rehabil Med 51, 2019