630
H. T. Leong et al.
Table III. Summary of data extracted from included studies
Study
(Authors,
Participants (sample
years, design, size, population, sex,
country)
age)
Diagnostic criteria
Applegate et al.
(34)
2017
Cross-sectional
Utah
n=1,226
Physical examination
n=156 (12.7%
Working population
Pain over the glenohumeral areas prevalence)
include food processing, in the past 1-month period
manufacturing, assembly Positive Empty can test
lines and office jobs
Male=421; Female=805
Mean age,
years=42.1±11.4
Bansal et al. (35) n=161
2017
Elite swimmers
Cross-sectional
India
All male
Age range, years=17–35
Bodin et al. (36) n=1,456
2012
Working population
Prospective
Male=839; Female=617
France
Mean age,
years=38.9±10.3
n=28 (17.4%
prevalence)
Positive Neer’s or Hawkins’
impingement test
Intermittent pain, worsened
by active movement, ≥4 days
during the week
≥1 positive tests of resisted
shoulder abduction, external or
internal rotation; resisted elbow
flexion; painful arc
Male: n=51 (6.1%
prevalence)
Female: n=45 (7.3%
prevalence)
15.4% prevalence
2013 Male: 6% prevalence
Male=167; Female=558 n=73
Cross-sectional Male=33; Female=40
Denmark
Frost et al. (39)
2002
Cross-sectional
Denmark
Working population
Mean age,
years=47.4±9.1
n=2,743
Working population
Sex not reported
Age not reported
OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.02–1.05
Hypertension OR=1.94, 95% CI=1.28–2.83
Systolic blood pressure OR=1.01, 95% CI=1.00–1.02
Job dissatisfied OR=3.11, 95% CI=1.52–6.37
Cardiovascular disease risk
scores 18+ OR=4.49, 95% CI=1.66–12.2
Atraumatic anterior instability χ 2 tests:
Past history of shoulder pain χ 2= 30.5, p<0.001
Inadequate treatment χ 2= 24.9, p<0.001
High perceived physical exertion
and repeated and sustained
posture with arms above
shoulder level (≥2h/day)
Low co-worker support
Work with temporary workers
Intermittent pain worsened by
active elevation, ≥4 days during
the week Frost et al. (38)
1999 Age
Presence of >1 of: painful arc,
tenderness at greater tuberosity,
painful active contraction of any
rotator cuff muscle
Physical examination
n=96 (6.6% prevalence) Age
Physical examination
Mean age,
years=42.8±9.9
Reported as significant risk
factor(s)
Reported statistics
χ 2= 112.0, p<0.001
Working population
Age range, years=20–70
History of exercise-related
shoulder pain
n=725
Poland
Physical examination
Bugajska et al.
(37)
Cross-sectional
Prevalence/
incidence
Female: 18.6%
prevalence
≥1 positive tests of resisted
shoulder abduction, external or
internal rotation; resisted elbow
flexion; painful arc
Physical examination & magnetic Not reported
resonance imaging
Male aged 45–49: OR=4.7, 95%
CI=2.2–10.0; Female aged 50–59,
OR=5.4, 95% CI 2.3–13.2
Male: OR=3.3, 95% CI 1.3–8.4
Male: OR=2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.9
Female: OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.2–4.2
Female: OR=2.6, 95% CI 1.4–5.0
Repeated and sustained arm
abduction
Sex: Female OR=0.33, 95% CI= 0.14–0.78
Age ≥50 years OR=3.79, 95% CI 1.38–10.43
Shoulder pain for ≥3 months
within the past year
Positive Hawkins’ test
Physical examination
n=48 (2.4% prevalence) Repetitive work
Shoulder pain and activity
impairment scales at least 12/36
scores
Pain at resisted abduction and/or
palpation tenderness of greater
humeral tubercle
OR adj =3.29, 95% CI 1.34–8.11
High force (≥10% of MVC)
requirements OR adj =3.33, 95% CI 1.37–8.13
≥80% of cycle time without
pauses
Positive Hawkins’ test
OR adj = 3.12, 95% CI 1.33–7.34.
High frequency of movement
(15–36 movemetins/min)
High frequency and high force
exposure
OR adj =4.21, 95% CI 1.71–10.40
OR adj =4.82, 95% CI=1.86–12.51
OR adj =3.53, 95%CI= 1.43–8.70
OR adj =4.48, 95% CI 1.73–11.61
High frequency and no pauses
>80% of cycle time
Grzywacz et al.
(40) 2012
Cross-sectional
USA
Miranda et al.
(41) 2005
Retrospective
cohort
Finland
n=742 Physical examination
Latino poultry manual
workers Tenderness to palpation
Male=423; Female=319
Age range, years=18
to ≥50
n=3,885
Working population
Male=1,993;
Female=1,916
Age range, years=30–64
Northover et al.
(42) 2007 n=300
Case-control Male=135; Female=165
UK
General population
Mean age, years=59.0
(range 24–86)
n=167 (32.4%
prevalence)
Pain with resisted abduction,
internal rotation, external
rotation or forward flexion of
shoulder
Physical examination
OR=1.34, 95% CI 1.07–1.68
n=78 (2.0% prevalence) Age 50–64 years
Insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus
≥1 positive tests of resisted
abduction, external rotation and
internal rotation, or painful arc
of shoulder
Physical examination &
ultrasound imaging 14–23 years of working with a
hand above shoulder level
Not reported
Positve Neer’s and Hawkins’ sign
with relief of symptoms with a
subacromial injection of 10 mL
1% Lignocaine
Physical examination Male=1.2%
Cross-sectional General population History of pain in rotator cuff
region for at least 3 months Female=1.2%
Male=2,850;
Female=3,387
www.medicaljournals.se/jrm
OR=1.30, 95% CI 1.07–1.59
Awkward posture & repeated
movements History of pain for at least 3
months n=6,237
Mean age, years,
for males=50.8, for
females=52.9
Psychological demand
Poor safety commitment
Rechardt et al.
(43) 2010
Finland
High force and no pauses >80%
of cycle time
Job control
OR=0.79, 95% CI 0.65–0.97
Pain in one or more active
resisted movements (abduction,
external rotation, internal
rotation) and/or painful arc
OR=1.66, 95% CI 1.16–2.38
OR=4.1, 95% CI 1.9–9.1
OR 8.8, 95% CI 1.9–40.3
OR=4.7, 95% CI 2.4–9.1
Overhead work OR 3.83, 95% CI 2.15–6.84
Heavy manual work OR 3.81, 95% CI 1.93–7.51
Diabetes OR 3.34, 95% CI 1.26–8.85
Hammering OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.12–5.44
Osteoarthritis OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.41–4.07
Weight training OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.07–5.05
Swimming
Male waist circumference
94–101.9 cm OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.11–3.53
OR=2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.5
Male Type I diabetes
OR=4.7, 95% CI 1.1–20.3