580
Z. P. French et al.
diagnoses. Fourthly, there was a considerable extent of
other/unspecified OA in the Optum database for both
groups. The prevalence was 13.0% and 8.5% for adults
with and without CP, respectively, which accounted
for approximately 64.0% and 56.3% of all OA patients
with and without CP, respectively. Therefore, this study
was unable to provide reliable age- and sex-stratified
prevalence estimates of site-specific OA, such as OA
of the hip and knee.
In conclusion, privately-insured men and women
with CP have an early onset of OA and higher preva-
lence of OA across the adult lifespan compared with
men and women without CP. These findings highlight
the need for earlier screening strategies and preventive
services to capture the early OA phenotype present
among adults with CP. Future studies are needed to de-
sign tailored interventions aimed at preventing the onset
of OA, slowing the progression of OA, and managing
OA-related health problems (e.g. pain, development of
non-communicable diseases) for adults with CP.
REFERENCES
1. Murphy SL, Schepens Niemiec S, Lyden AK, Kratz AL.
Pain, fatigue, and physical activity in osteoarthritis: the
moderating effects of pain- and fatigue-related activity in-
terference. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2016; 97: S201–S209.
2. Misra D, Felson DT, Silliman RA, Nevitt M, Lewis CE, Torner
J, et al. Knee osteoarthritis and frailty: findings from the
Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study and Osteoarthritis Ini-
tiative. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 70: 339–344.
3. Xie F, Kovic B, Jin X, He X, Wang M, Silvestre C. Economic
and humanistic burden of osteoarthritis: a systematic re-
view of large sample studies. Pharmacoeconomics 2016;
34: 1087–1100.
4. GBD 2015 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional,
and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315
diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE),
1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden
of Disease Study 2015. Lancet (London, England) 2016;
388: 1603–1658.
5. Cross M, Smith E, Hoy D, Nolte S, Ackerman I, Fransen
M, et al. The global burden of hip and knee osteoarthritis:
estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study.
Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 73: 1323–1330.
6. Palazzo C, Nguyen C, Lefevre-Colau MM, Rannou F, Poir-
audeau S. Risk factors and burden of osteoarthritis. Ann
Phys Rehabil Med 2016; 59: 134–138.
7. Oskoui M, Coutinho F, Dykeman J, Jette N, Pringsheim T.
An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a syste-
matic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol
2013; 55: 509–519.
8. Whitney DG, Singh H, Miller F, Barbe MF, Slade JM, Pohlig
RT, et al. Cortical bone deficit and fat infiltration of bone
marrow and skeletal muscle in ambulatory children with
mild spastic cerebral palsy. Bone 2017; 94: 90–97.
9. Whitney DG, Hurvitz EA, Ryan JM, Devlin MJ, Caird MS,
French ZP, et al. Noncommunicable disease and multimor-
bidity in young adults with cerebral palsy. Clin Epidemiol
2018; 10: 511–519.
10. Whitney DG, Hurvitz EA, Devlin MJ, Caird MS, French ZP,
Ellenberg EC, et al. Age trajectories of musculoskeletal
morbidities in adults with cerebral palsy. Bone 2018;
114: 285–291.
www.medicaljournals.se/jrm
11. Culvenor AG, Felson DT, Niu J, Wirth W, Sattler M, Dann-
hauer T, et al. Thigh muscle specific-strength and the risk
of incident knee osteoarthritis: the influence of sex and
greater body mass index. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)
2017; 69: 1266–1270.
12. Culvenor AG, Wirth W, Roth M, Hunter DJ, Eckstein F. Pre-
dictive capacity of thigh muscle strength in symptomatic
and/or radiographic knee osteoarthritis progression: data
from the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
Osteoarthritis Biomarkers Consortium. Am J Phys Med
Rehabil 2016; 95: 931–938.
13. Whitney DG, Miller F, Pohlig RT, Modlesky CM. BMI does
not capture the high fat mass index and low fat-free
mass index in children with cerebral palsy and proposed
statistical models that improve this accuracy. Int J Obes
(Lond) 2018; 43: 82–90.
14. Whitney DG, Singh H, Zhang C, Miller F, Modlesky CM.
Greater visceral fat but no difference in measures of total
body fat in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy
compared to typically developing children. J Clin Densitom
2019 [Epub ahead of print].
15. Plotnikoff R, Karunamuni N, Lytvyak E, Penfold C, Schop-
flocher D, Imayama I, et al. Osteoarthritis prevalence and
modifiable factors: a population study. BMC Public Health
2015; 15: 1195.
16. Cremer N, Hurvitz EA, Peterson MD. Multimorbidity in
middle-aged adults with cerebral palsy. Am J Med 2017;
130: 744 e9–e15.
17. Reeves S, Garcia E, Kleyn M, Housey M, Stottlemyer R, Ly-
on-Callo S, et al. Identifying sickle cell disease cases using
administrative claims. Acad Pediatr 2014; 14: S61–S67.
18. Benjamin DJ, Berger JO, Johannesson M, Nosek BA, Wa-
genmakers EJ, Berk R, et al. Redefine statistical signifi-
cance. Nature Human Behaviour 2018; 2: 6–10.
19. Ioannidis JPA. The proposal to lower p value thresholds to
.005. JAMA 2018; 319: 1429–1430.
20. Chen J, Li J, Li R, Wang H, Yang J, Xu J, et al. Efficacy and
safety of tanezumab on osteoarthritis knee and hip pains:
a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Med
2017; 18: 374–385.
21. Marconcin P, Espanha M, Teles J, Bento P, Campos P, Andre
R, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a combined self-
management and exercise intervention for elderly people
with osteoarthritis of the knee: the PLE(2)NO program.
Clin Rehabil 2018; 32: 223–232.
22. Whitney DG, Alford AI, Devlin MJ, Caird MS, Hurvitz EA,
Peterson MD. Adults with cerebral palsy have higher pre-
valence of fracture compared to adults without cerebral
palsy independent of osteoporosis and cardiometabolic
diseases. J Bone Miner Res 2019 [Epub ahead of print].
23. Tumin D. Marriage trends among Americans with child-
hood-onset disabilities, 1997–2013. Disabil Health J 2016;
9: 713–718.
24. Whitney DG, Warschausky SA, Ng S, Hurvitz EA, Kamdar
NS, Peterson MD. Prevalence of mental health disorders
among adults with cerebral palsy: a cross-sectional ana-
lysis. Ann Intern Med 2019 (in press).
25. Reid SM, Meehan EM, Arnup SJ, Reddihough DS. Intellec-
tual disability in cerebral palsy: a population-based retro-
spective study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2018; 60: 687–694.
26. Turkiewicz A, Petersson IF, Bjork J, Hawker G, Dahlberg
LE, Lohmander LS, et al. Current and future impact of
osteoarthritis on health care: a population-based study
with projections to year 2032. Osteoarthritis Cartil 2014;
22: 1826–1832.
27. Brooks JC, Strauss DJ, Shavelle RM, Tran LM, Rosenbloom
L, Wu YW. Recent trends in cerebral palsy survival. Part
I: period and cohort effects. Dev Med Child Neurol 2014;
56: 1059–1064.
28. Boyle CA, Boulet S, Schieve LA, Cohen RA, Blumberg
SJ, Yeargin-Allsopp M, et al. Trends in the prevalence of
developmental disabilities in US children, 1997–2008.