J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ. 22, 6( 2026) 57
conditions, including different water optical types, target depths, and scanning parameters, the proposed MCT model is shown to be robust and effective. In addition to the cases presented in this work, the model framework is readily extensible to other scenarios involving variations in lidar system parameters and target-related properties, such as target size, shape and reflectivity.
There are also limitations to the MCT, such as the floating ball interference. In practical field measurements, floating balls can generate strong reflective signals at the sea surface, introducing additional non-target returns and locally increasing background levels. Such surface-related reflections may reduce the contrast of target echoes under certain conditions. In addition, other detector-related noise such as the after pulse, manifests primarily as weak delayed components in the received waveforms, which may cause a slight overestimation of deep-water signals. These effects will be further investigated in future studies. Furthermore, a more comprehensive parametric study about diverse water optical properties and lidar system parameters will be essential to construct generalized models, which can improve the transferability and applicability of the simulated findings in the broader practical scenarios.
Funding
This work is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China( Grant No. 2022YFB3901701).
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there are no financialinterests, commercial affiliations, or other potential conflicts of interest that could have influenced the objectivity of this research or the writing of this paper.
Data availability statement
The data underlying the results presented in this paper is not publicly available at this time but may be provided upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.
Author contribution statement
All authors have reviewed, discussed, and agreed to their individual contributions. The specific situation is as follows: Methodology, Xinke Hao and Yan He; Data Curation, Xinke Hao, Yingjie Ruan and Hui Qi; Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Xinke Hao and Huixin He; Writing – Review and Editing, Huixin He and Yan He; Supervision, Deliang Lv and Guangxiu Xu; Project Administration, Yan He and Junwu Tang; Funding Acquisition, Yan He.
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