J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ. 22, 22( 2026) 221
Table 5. The features of drones-based floating stereoscopic display, floating stereoscopic display of negative refractive index materials, floating stereoscopic display of microchannel matrix optical waveguide, floating stereoscopic display of retro-reflective film, plasma-based floating stereoscopic display, and acoustic wave-based floating stereoscopic display [ 47 – 59 ].
Feature Drones-based display
Resolution Low-medium( depends on LED / drone)
Color Reproduction
Field of View( FOV)
Depth Perception
Good( depends on LED system)
Wide( multidrone setup)
Interactivity High( synchronized aerial display)
Negative refractive index
High( subwavelength optical control)
Excellent( nanophotonic engineering)
Medium( limited by material design)
Medium High( real wavefront control)
Microchannel matrix waveguide
Retro-reflective film
Plasma-based display
High |
Medium |
Low-medium |
|
|
( plasma voxel size |
|
|
limitation) |
Excellent |
Good |
Limited( plasma |
|
|
light emission |
|
|
restrictions) |
Acoustic wavebased display
Medium
Good
Wide Medium 360 ° Wide
High |
Medium |
High( true |
|
|
volumetric depth) |
Medium |
High |
Low |
High( touchless air |
|
|
|
control) |
Scalability |
Medium-High |
Limited |
High |
High |
Low( complex laser |
|
|
|
|
|
systems) |
Limitations Battery life constraints; Weather sensitivity
Potential Improvements
Lightweight energy-efficient drones; AI-based adaptive display integration
Fabrication complexity; Material scalability limitations
Optimization of nanophotonic manufacturing for large-scale applications
Precise alignment; Light leakage
Enhancement of waveguide material efficiency and crosstalk reduction
Angle limitations; Projection alignment dependency
Development of angle-adaptive materials for wider FOV
High-energy laser requirement;, Safety concerns
Improvement of energy efficiency; Exploration of lowpower plasma techniques
High
High
Medium
Acoustic diffractionlimited resolution
Development of higher-frequency acoustic field control for display sharpness