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in the aspects of education, entertainment, socialisation and escape [ 6 ]. 3D spatial stereoscopic display technologies are characterized by their interactivity, immersion and realtime, and become one of the core technologies among a great deal of high-tech display solutions in the field of exhibitions [ 7 – 9 ]. Moreover, advances in semiconductor light sources, operating speed in computers, storage media and optical system are expected to reduce the cost of 3D laser holographic technology gradually. Stereo-related technologies have been widely used in the contexts of antique shows, stage performance, art and commercial exhibitions, as well as in the venues of conference centers, exhibition centers, museums, fairs, libraries and archives [ 10 ].
2 Relevant technologies overview
2.1 Immersive technology
Immersive technology refers to the optical and digital systems allowing users to experience and interact with threedimensional( 3D) environments or virtual objects through multisensory engagement. These technologies enhance the sense of presence by integrating stereoscopic displays, spatial computing, and multisensory feedback [ 11 ]. The incorporation of stereoscopic display techniques – such as holographic displays, optical illusion displays, projection displays, floating 3D displays, light field 3D displays, and augmented reality( AR) – is crucial in creating realistic and dynamic environments for interactive exploration.
Immersive technology includes four key characteristics. The first one is virtual or true stereoscopic depth perception. By employing techniques such as holographic display, binocular disparity, projection display, floating 3D display, or light field 3D display, immersive technologies enable users to perceive objects within a stereoscopic space, thereby generating a virtual or true experience of depth. The second one is about multisensory feedback. These systems are built upon an integration framework which combines visual, auditory, haptic, and occasionally olfactory cues to simulate lifelike experiences. The third one is related to real-time interaction. Immersive technologies provide interactive capabilities that enable users to navigate freely while simultaneously engaging in real-time manipulation and interaction with virtual objects in real time. The last feature is spatial computing. This aspect involves the integration of stereoscopic environments with motion-tracking sensors which enables systems to deliver a responsive and dynamic virtual world [ 11, 12 ].
2.2 Interactive technology
Interactive technology refers to the digital systems and devices facilitating users engagement and manipulation of digital content or environments through multi-modal input interfaces, including touch, voice, gesture, or even neural signals [ 13, 14 ]. Unlike traditional one-way communication systems, interactive technology establishes a two-way interaction channel, enabling the system to respond to user inputs, provide instantaneous feedback and recalibrate its behavior based on received directives.
Interactive technology includes the following four key features [ 13, 14 ]. The first one is user input. This feature allows users to provide commands or inputs through various interfaces, such as touchscreens, motion sensors, voice commands, or gesture recognition. The second one is realtime feedback. This indicates that the system responds instantly to user input, such as providing immediate feedback, modifying environmental states, or adapting interface elements. The third one is immersive experience. In certain systems, interactive technology is employed to construct immersive environments through the application of stereoscopic optical devices, virtual reality( VR) or augmented reality( AR), thereby enhancing user involvement. The last one is dynamic adaptability. This technology is capable of dynamically adjusting and optimizing exhibition content in response to user behaviors, developing a more personalized and adaptive experience [ 15 ].
2.3 3D Display technology
Two-dimensional( 2D) displays are the most widely used display technology nowadays. The images are represented in two dimensions, only providing the height and width, but lacking the deeper elements that endow objects with three-dimensionality in the real world [ 16 ].
3D display technologies refer to a collection of optical, computing and digital techniques used to capture, process, and present three-dimensional information. Compared with traditional 2D display technologies, 3D display technologies provide critical support for more realistic visualization and in-depth analysis of objects in the real physical context by retaining the three-dimensional attributes( i. e., depth, volume and relative position). These technologies reconstruct three-dimensional scenes by arranging light-emitting pixels in a spatial array. In contrast to virtual stereoscopic display technologies, 3D display technologies exist in physical space, accurately reflecting the dimensions and spatial relationships of objects [ 17 ].
3D display technologies are mainly implemented based on the following key principles. The first principle is depth perception. It can capture and reconstruct depth information through optical or computational methods. The second one is multi-viewpoint display. It acquires image data from multiple angles to simulate a real 3D perspective. The third principle is about volumetric reconstruction. By means of technologies such as light fields, structured light, or tomography, a true 3D model with spatial structure is completely constructed [ 18 ].
2.4 Stereoscopic display technology
Stereoscopic display technologies refer to a range of optical and computational techniques that generate and display 3D imagesbycreatingdepthperceptioninthehumanvisual system. They encompass both real 3D images and virtual images, produced by exploiting the optical illusions of the human eye. These technologies utilize methods such as holographic displays, binocular disparity, projection displays, light field 3D displays, or floating 3D displays captured or rendered from distinctive viewpoints, and present them to each eye, thereby assisting the brain in