120
J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ. 21, 11( 2025)
noticeable variations due to the change in physical parameters. It is detected that the pulse propagation is handled by the change of the nonlinearity amount, where both of soliton amplitude and width suffer inconstancy. By means of the linear stability analysis, the modulation instability of the discussed model is diagnosed and it displays that all created solutions are stable. The obtained results can be used to maintain the balance between the nonlinearities and the dispersive terms. Moreover, it can be benefited in attenuating signal distortion and pulse broadening in optical fibers. In future work, the KNE can be scrutinized in presence of Hamiltonian perturbation terms and in addition to different types of nonlinear refractive index. Further to this, there are significant aspects that can be scrutinized such as bifurcation analysis, multi-soliton solutions and others. The discussion of such physical features can introduce several effects on the wave structures that may be exploited to improve the different applications in the field of birefringent fibers.
Funding The authors state no funding involved.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest to disclose.
Data availability statement
The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper.
Author contribution statement
All authors equally contributed to this work and approved the final version of the manuscript.
References
1 Arshad M, Seadawy AR, Lu D, Modulation stability and optical soliton solutions of nonlinear Schrödinger equation with higher order dispersion and nonlinear terms and its applications, Superlattices Microstruct. 112, 422( 2017). https:// doi. org / 10.1016 / j. spmi. 2017.09.054.
2 Al-Ghafri KS, Krishnan EV, Khan S, Biswas A, Optical bullets and their modulational instability analysis, Appl. Sci. 12( 18), 9221( 2022). https:// doi. org / 10.3390 / app12189221.
3 Ding CQC, Zhu LQW, Triki H, Zhou Q, Four-wave mixing induced general localized waves for a coupled generalized nonlinear Schrödinger system, Phys. D Nonlinear Phenom. 464, 134191( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1016 / j. physd. 2024. 134191. 4 Wang J, Shehzad K, Arshad M, Seadawy AR, Physical constructions of kink, anti-kink optical solitons and other solitary wave solutions for the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation with cubic-quintic nonlinearity, Opt. Quantum Electron. 56( 5), 758( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1007 / s11082-024-06481-w.
5 Shukla P, Eliasson B, Formation and dynamics of dark solitons and vortices in quantum electron plasmas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96( 24), 245001( 2006). https:// doi. org / 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 96.245001.
6 Sabry R, Moslem W, Haas F, Ali S, Shukla PK, Nonlinear structures: Explosive, soliton, and shock in a quantum electron-positron-ion magnetoplasma, Phys. Plasmas 15( 12), 122308( 2008). https:// doi. org / 10.1063 / 1.3037265.
7 Ali R, Zhang Z, Ahmad H, Exploring soliton solutions in nonlinear spatiotemporal fractional quantum mechanics equations: an analytical study, Opt. Quantum Electron. 56( 5), 838( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1007 / s11082-024-06370-2.
8 Voinescu R, Tai JQSB, Smalyukh II, Hopf solitons in helical and conical backgrounds of chiral magnetic solids, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125( 5), 057201( 2020). https:// doi. org / 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 125.057201.
9 Lan ZQZ, Bound-state solitons in three-wave resonant interactions, Nonlinear Dyn. 112( 22), 20173( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1007 / s11071-024-10121-z.
10 Zhong Y, Zhou Q, Abundant vortex dynamics in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates induced by rashba spin-orbit coupling, Chaos Solit. Fract. 188, 115590( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1016 / j. chaos. 2024.115590.
11 Liu FQY, Triki H, Zhou Q, Oscillatory nondegenerate solitons in spin – orbit coupled spin-1 / 2 Bose-Einstein condensates with weak raman coupling, Chaos Solit. Fract. 186, 115257( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1016 / j. chaos. 2024.115257.
12 Liu FQY, Xu SQY, Triki H, Choudhuri A, Zhou Q, Spatiotemporal modulated solitons in a quasi-one-dimensional spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates, Chaos Solit. Fract. 183, 114947( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1016 / j. chaos. 2024.114947.
13 Zhong Y, Triki H, Zhou Q, Dynamics of ring dark solitons and the following vortices in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates, Chin. Phys. Lett. 41, 070501( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1088 / 0256-307X / 41 / 7 / 070501.
14 Zhong Y, Triki H, Zhou Q, Bright and kink solitons of timemodulated cubic – quintic – septic – nonic nonlinear Schrödinger equation under space-time rotated PT-symmetric potentials, Nonlinear Dyn. 112( 2), 1349( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1007 / s11071-023-09116-z.
15 Liu HQT, Liu FQY, Mirzazadeh M, Zhou Q, Oscillating multi-node solitons in spin-orbit coupled spin-1 Bose- Einstein condensates, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 139( 7), 652( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1140 / epjp / s13360-024-05406-6.
16 Zhong Y, Yu K, Sun Y, Triki H, Zhou Q, Stability of solitons in bose – einstein condensates with cubic-quintic-septic nonlinearity and non-PT-symmetric complex potentials, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 139( 2), 119( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1140 / epjp / s13360-024-04930-9.
17 Mani Rajan MS, in Industrial Applications of Nanocrystals. Micro and Nano Technologies, 2022, edited by Mallakpour S, Hussain CM( Elsevier, Amsterdam), p. 3. https:// doi. org / 10.1016 / B978-0-12-824024-3.00017-8.
18 Menyuk CR, Stability of solitons in birefringent optical fibers. I: Equal propagation amplitudes, Opt. Lett. 12( 8), 614( 1987). https:// doi. org / 10.1364 / OL. 12.000614.
19 Menyuk CR, Solitons in birefringent optical fibers and polarization mode dispersion, Opt. Commun. 550, 129841( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1016 / j. optcom. 2023.129841.
20 Liu FQY, Triki H, Zhou Q, Optical nondegenerate solitons in a birefringent fiber with a 35 degree elliptical angle, Opt. Express 32( 2), 2746( 2024). https:// doi. org / 10.1364 / OE. 512116.
21 Zaabat S, Zaabat M, Lu Z, Triki H, Zhou Q, Propagation of solitons in inhomogeneous birefringent nonlinear dispersive media, Results Phys. 54, 107144( 2023). https:// doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rinp. 2023.107144.