Illicit Flows And Trafficking Southern Europe-Maghreb
Conceptually , this study owes a lot to the following studies 1 :
• Two remarkable works by Alain Tarrius : La mondialisation par le bas 2 and La mondialisation criminelle . 3
• The penetrating study by Adrien Doron , “ From the margins to the world , the turbulent structuring of a transnational market place in ben Gardane , Tunisia .” 4
• The synthesis study of our Algerian colleague , Hanan Benyagoub , “ Cross-border trade and insecurity in North Africa : The case of the locality of Ben Gardane in Tunisia .” 5
• The research on Morocco by our friend Samir el-Ouardighi , journalist at Médias24-Maroc .
Introduction 6
As this study demonstrates , illicit trade is a serious problem for the international community . The reader will find in Appendix 1 some figures to help visualize the seriousness of the problem .
But first , this : to be useful , such a study must aim at originality and access the strategic dimension . It must neglect what is well known , stable , sustainable , and visible . It must focus on what is difficult to see , what tends to be neglected , and what is difficult to detect and understand in time .
What is meant by “ illicit trade ” is not self-evident . To study it , even on a regional scale , we must consider it from two angles — one geopolitical , the other criminological — which is what we do below .
1 To facilitate reading , the sources ( collected at the end of the study ) and references are numbered and given throughout the text , in footnotes with the corresponding year ; example ( ref . 2 , 2018 )
2 Alain Tarrius , La mondialisation par le bas - Les nouveaux nomades de l ’ économie souterraine ( Paris , France : Balland , 2002 ).
3 Alain Tarrius , La mondialisation criminelle ( Vaucluse , France : éditions de l ’ Aube , La Tour d ’ Aigues , 2015 ).
4 Adrien Doron , From the Margin to the World : The Turbulent Structuring of a Transnational Market Place in Ben Gardane , Tunisia ( 2013 ).
5 Hanan Benyagoub , “ Cross-Border Trade and Insecurity in North Africa : The Case of the Locality of Ben Gardane in Tunisia ,” May 2018 Synthesis Study .
6 Ref . 32 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 2015 ; 40 , 2010 ; 41 , 2002 .
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